tourism industry in lebanon

Tourism in Lebanon 

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Tourism in Lebanon is big business, but what? And what are the most important things that we should know about tourism here? Read on to find out!

Geographical overview of Lebanon 

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Situated at the nexus of the Mediterranean and the Middle East, Lebanon presents a unique blend of historical depth and diverse landscapes. From ancient ruins to dynamic urban centres and coastal beauty, this country offers an array of touristic attractions. This article aims to provide a concise, yet comprehensive, exploration of Lebanese tourism for both the novice and seasoned traveller.

Lebanon is a small country located in the eastern Mediterranean region of the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Lebanon has a total area of approximately 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 square miles).

Lebanon’s geography is characterised by a rugged terrain, with mountains and hills dominating the landscape. The country’s highest peak is Qornet es-Sawda, which stands at 3,088 metres (10,131 feet) above sea level. The Lebanon Mountains run parallel to the coast, and the Beqaa Valley lies between them and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains to the east.

The coastal region of Lebanon is narrow, averaging only a few kilometres in width, and is dominated by rocky cliffs and sandy beaches. The country’s two major ports, Beirut and Tripoli, are located on the coast.

Lebanon’s climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The country experiences occasional earthquakes, and its mountainous terrain makes it prone to landslides and other natural disasters.

The major rivers in Lebanon are the Litani River, which runs through the Beqaa Valley, and the Nahr al-Kalb, which flows into the Mediterranean Sea north of Beirut. The country also has a number of smaller rivers and streams, as well as several lakes, including Lake Qaraoun in the Beqaa Valley.

Overall, Lebanon’s geography has played a significant role in its history and culture, shaping the country’s political, economic, and social development over the centuries.

Lebanon’s tourism industry is an important contributor to the country’s economy, with a rich history and diverse culture that attracts visitors from around the world. Despite occasional political instability and security concerns, tourism remains a major sector in the country, with visitors drawn to Lebanon’s natural beauty, historical sites, and vibrant nightlife.

One of the main attractions for tourists in Lebanon is its capital city, Beirut, which is known for its mix of modern and traditional architecture, vibrant cultural scene, and world-class restaurants and nightlife. Other popular destinations include the ancient city of Byblos, the Jeita Grotto caves, and the ski resorts in the Lebanon Mountains.

Lebanon is also famous for its Mediterranean cuisine, which combines elements of Arabic, French, and other Mediterranean cultures. Visitors can sample a variety of dishes in the country’s many restaurants and cafes, as well as at local markets and street food vendors.

The country has a rich history dating back to ancient times, with numerous historical sites and landmarks that attract tourists. These include the ancient Roman ruins of Baalbek, the Phoenician city of Tyre, and the Crusader castles of Tripoli and Byblos.

In recent years, Lebanon has also become known for its wine industry, with many vineyards and wineries located throughout the country. Wine tasting tours have become a popular activity for tourists, with many local tour operators offering guided tours of the country’s vineyards and wineries.

Lebanon’s tourism industry offers a unique and diverse experience for visitors, with something to suit every taste and interest. Despite occasional challenges, the industry continues to grow and attract visitors from around the world.

Now that we know a little bit more about tourism in Lebanon, lets take a look at some of the key statistics about the tourism industry here:

• In 2019, Lebanon received approximately 1.9 million international tourists, an increase of 6.3% compared to the previous year.
• The tourism industry accounted for around 7.5% of Lebanon’s GDP in 2019.
• The average length of stay for international tourists in Lebanon is around 6.4 nights.
• The top five source markets for international tourists to Lebanon are Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iraq.
• The majority of international tourists to Lebanon come for leisure purposes, with business travel and visiting friends and relatives also popular.
• In 2019, the average daily expenditure by international tourists in Lebanon was around $160 USD.
• The hospitality industry is a significant employer in Lebanon, with around 100,000 people employed in the sector.
• Beirut is the most popular destination for international tourists to Lebanon, accounting for around 62% of all tourist arrivals.
• In 2019, the number of domestic tourists in Lebanon was estimated to be around 3.3 million.

Lebanon has a wide range of tourist attractions, from historical sites to natural wonders to modern urban centres. Here are some of the most popular tourist attractions in the country:

• Beirut: Lebanon’s capital city is a popular destination for tourists, known for its mix of traditional and modern architecture, world-class restaurants, and vibrant nightlife.
• Jeita Grotto: Located in the Nahr al-Kalb valley, the Jeita Grotto is a series of limestone caves filled with underground lakes and stunning rock formations.
• Byblos: This ancient city on the Mediterranean coast is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a rich history dating back over 7,000 years.
• Baalbek: The ruins of the ancient city of Baalbek, located in the Beqaa Valley, are home to some of the most impressive Roman ruins in the world, including the Temple of Jupiter and the Temple of Bacchus.
• The Lebanon Mountains: The mountains that run parallel to the coast offer stunning views, hiking trails, and ski resorts during the winter months.
• Tyre: Another ancient city on the Mediterranean coast, Tyre is home to a number of historical landmarks, including the Roman Hippodrome and the Al Mina archaeological site.
• Harissa: This mountaintop town overlooking the Mediterranean is home to the iconic Our Lady of Lebanon statue, a popular pilgrimage site and tourist attraction.
• Sidon: Another ancient coastal city, Sidon is home to the Sea Castle and the Khan al-Franj marketplace, as well as a number of historic mosques and churches.
• The Beqaa Valley: This fertile valley is home to many of Lebanon’s vineyards and wineries, as well as the ruins of several ancient cities.
• Tripoli: Lebanon’s second-largest city is known for its bustling markets, historic landmarks, and beautiful coastline.

These are just a few of the many attractions that Lebanon has to offer. With its rich history, stunning natural beauty, and vibrant culture, Lebanon is a unique and fascinating destination for travellers from around the world.

Lebanon offers a diverse range of tourism experiences, catering to a variety of interests and preferences. Here are some of the most popular types of tourism in Lebanon:

• Cultural tourism: Lebanon’s rich history and cultural heritage make it a popular destination for cultural tourism. Visitors can explore ancient ruins, historical landmarks, and museums to learn about the country’s history and traditions.
• Religious tourism: Lebanon is home to a number of important religious sites, including the Harissa statue of the Virgin Mary, the Jeita Grotto (a site of Christian pilgrimage), and the Sayyida Khawla Mosque.
• Gastronomic tourism: Lebanon is known for its delicious cuisine, which combines elements of Arabic, French, and Mediterranean cooking. Visitors can enjoy a variety of dishes in restaurants and cafes, as well as at local markets and street food vendors.
• Adventure tourism: The Lebanon Mountains offer opportunities for hiking, skiing, and other outdoor activities, while the Jeita Grotto and other natural wonders are popular destinations for adventure tourism.
• Health and wellness tourism: Lebanon has a number of thermal baths and natural springs that are believed to have therapeutic properties, as well as many spas and wellness centres that offer a range of treatments and services.
• Beach tourism: With its beautiful coastline and warm Mediterranean waters, Lebanon is a popular destination for beach tourism. Some of the most popular beaches include Ramlet al-Baida, Tyre Beach, and Batroun Beach.
• Shopping tourism: Lebanon’s bustling markets and modern shopping malls are popular destinations for tourists looking to shop for souvenirs, gifts, and luxury goods.

These are just a few examples of the many types of tourism that Lebanon has to offer. With its diverse range of attractions and experiences, Lebanon is a unique and exciting destination for travellers from around the world.

The tourism industry is an important contributor to the Lebanese economy, generating revenue and providing employment opportunities. Here are some of the economic impacts of tourism in Lebanon:

• Revenue generation: Tourism is a major source of foreign exchange earnings for Lebanon, with tourists spending money on transportation, accommodation, food and beverages, shopping, and other services. In 2019, the tourism industry contributed approximately 7.5% of Lebanon’s GDP.
• Employment opportunities: The tourism industry is a significant employer in Lebanon, with an estimated 100,000 people employed in the sector. Jobs in the tourism industry range from hotel and restaurant staff to tour guides and transportation services.
• Small business development: Tourism can provide opportunities for small businesses to develop and grow, such as souvenir shops, handicrafts, and local food and beverage vendors. This can help to diversify the economy and support entrepreneurship.
• Infrastructure development: To support the tourism industry, infrastructure investments are often made to improve transportation networks, accommodations, and other tourism-related facilities. This can also have spillover effects on other industries, such as construction and transportation.
• Foreign investment: A thriving tourism industry can attract foreign investment, particularly in the hospitality and real estate sectors.
• Seasonal fluctuations: The tourism industry in Lebanon is subject to seasonal fluctuations, with the majority of tourists arriving during the summer months. This can create challenges for businesses in the industry to manage their cash flow and maintain employment levels throughout the year.
• Vulnerability to external shocks: The tourism industry is vulnerable to external shocks, such as political instability, natural disasters, and health crises, as seen with the impact of COVID-19 on the industry in Lebanon.

The tourism industry plays an important role in the Lebanese economy, generating revenue, providing employment opportunities, and contributing to infrastructure and small business development. However, the industry is subject to external shocks and seasonal fluctuations, which can create challenges for businesses and policymakers to manage.

Tourism can have both positive and negative social impacts on a destination, including in Lebanon. Here are some of the social impacts of tourism in Lebanon:

• Cultural exchange: Tourism in Lebanon can provide opportunities for cultural exchange between visitors and locals, helping to foster mutual understanding and respect. Visitors can learn about Lebanese culture and traditions, while locals can learn about the cultures and customs of visitors.
• Employment opportunities: Tourism in Lebanon can provide employment opportunities for local residents, particularly in service-related industries such as hospitality and transportation. This can help to reduce unemployment and poverty, and provide a source of income for families.
• Preservation of heritage: The tourism industry can provide incentives for the preservation of cultural and natural heritage sites, as they are important attractions for visitors. This can help to ensure the protection and preservation of these sites for future generations.
• Infrastructure development: To support the tourism industry, infrastructure investments are often made to improve transportation networks, accommodations, and other tourism-related facilities. This can benefit the local community by improving access to essential services and amenities.
• Social and cultural changes: Tourism can bring social and cultural changes to a destination, as visitors may introduce new ideas, customs, and behaviours. This can have both positive and negative effects, and may require careful management to ensure that the local culture and way of life is respected and preserved.
• Displacement and overcrowding: Tourism in Lebanon can lead to displacement of local residents and overcrowding of tourist sites, particularly during peak season. This can create tensions between locals and visitors, and may require measures to manage tourism flows and mitigate negative impacts on the local community.
• Inequality and exploitation: Tourism can exacerbate social and economic inequality, particularly if it is concentrated in a few areas or controlled by a small group of people. It can also lead to exploitation of vulnerable populations, such as child labour or human trafficking, if not properly regulated.

Tourism in Lebanon can have significant social impacts on a destination, both positive and negative. It is important for policymakers and industry stakeholders to manage these impacts to ensure that tourism benefits the local community and preserves the cultural and natural heritage of Lebanon.

Tourism in Lebanon can have significant environmental impacts, particularly if it is not properly managed. Here are some of the environmental impacts of tourism in Lebanon:

• Carbon emissions: Tourism can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from transportation-related activities. This can contribute to climate change, which can have far-reaching impacts on the environment, including rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events, and changes to ecosystems.
• Water consumption: Tourism in Lebanon can place significant demands on water resources, particularly in areas with limited water availability. This can lead to water shortages and environmental degradation, particularly if water is diverted from natural sources.
• Waste generation: Tourism can generate significant amounts of waste, particularly from packaging, food and beverage consumption, and other tourism-related activities. This can contribute to environmental pollution and degradation, particularly if waste management infrastructure is inadequate.
• Overuse of natural resources: Tourism in Lebanon can lead to overuse of natural resources, particularly in areas with fragile ecosystems or limited resources. This can contribute to environmental degradation and habitat loss, particularly if tourism activities are not properly regulated.
• Biodiversity loss: Tourism in Lebanon can contribute to biodiversity loss, particularly if tourism activities are located in sensitive ecosystems or involve activities that disrupt natural habitats. This can have far-reaching impacts on the environment, including loss of species and habitat degradation.
• Land use changes: Tourism can lead to changes in land use, particularly if new infrastructure or development is needed to support tourism activities. This can contribute to environmental degradation and loss of natural habitats, particularly if development is not properly planned and managed.

Tourism can have significant environmental impacts on a destination, particularly if it is not properly managed. It is important for policymakers and industry stakeholders to manage these impacts to ensure that tourism is sustainable and does not harm the environment. This can involve measures such as promoting sustainable tourism practices, developing eco-friendly infrastructure, and regulating tourism activities to minimise negative impacts on the environment.

Like any other destination, Lebanon has its own unique safety and security concerns that travellers should be aware of. While Lebanon has improved its security situation in recent years, there are still some risks that travellers should consider when planning their trip.

The State Department advises travellers to exercise increased caution when travelling to Lebanon due to the threat of terrorism, armed conflict, and kidnapping. In addition, the State Department warns that crime and theft can occur, particularly in crowded areas or tourist sites.

Travellers should take precautions to protect themselves and their belongings, such as avoiding carrying large amounts of cash, keeping valuables out of sight, and staying aware of their surroundings. Travellers should also be aware of potential terrorist threats and should avoid areas where protests or demonstrations are taking place.

In addition, travellers should be aware of the risks of travelling to certain areas in Lebanon, particularly near the Syrian border, where there is ongoing conflict. The State Department advises against all travel to the Syrian-Lebanese border region, as well as the southern suburbs of Beirut.

Travellers should also be aware of the risks of travelling by road in Lebanon, particularly outside of major cities. Road conditions can be poor and driving can be hazardous, particularly at night. Travellers should also be aware of the risks of carjacking and other criminal activity on the roads.

Overall, while Lebanon has made progress in improving its security situation in recent years, travellers should still exercise caution and take steps to protect themselves and their belongings while travelling in the country. It is important to stay informed of the latest security developments and to follow local laws and customs.

Now that we know a bit more about tourism in Lebanon, lets answer some of the most common questions on this topic:

Is Lebanon safe for tourists to visit?

Lebanon is generally a safe destination for tourists, but visitors should exercise caution and be aware of their surroundings. It is advisable to avoid areas that are known to be hotspots for crime or political unrest.

What is the best time of year to visit Lebanon?

The best time to visit Lebanon is during the spring (March to May) or fall (September to November), when the weather is mild and comfortable for outdoor activities.

What are the main tourist attractions in Lebanon?

Some of the top tourist attractions in Lebanon include the ancient ruins of Baalbek, the Jeita Grotto, the National Museum of Beirut, and the picturesque city of Byblos.

What is the currency used in Lebanon?

The currency used in Lebanon is the Lebanese pound (LBP), but many businesses also accept US dollars and Euros.

Do I need a visa to visit Lebanon?

Citizens of many countries, including the United States and European Union member states, do not need a visa to enter Lebanon for tourist purposes. Check with the Lebanese embassy in your country to confirm the entry requirements.

What is the official language of Lebanon?

The official languages of Lebanon are Arabic and French, but English is widely spoken in tourist areas.

What is the local cuisine in Lebanon?

Lebanese cuisine is known for its fresh ingredients, bold flavours, and mezze-style dining. Some popular dishes include hummus, tabbouleh, kibbeh, and shawarma.

Can I drink alcohol in Lebanon?

Yes, alcohol is legal and widely available in Lebanon. The country has a thriving wine industry and produces some excellent wines.

What is the dress code in Lebanon?

Lebanon is a relatively liberal country, but it is still advisable to dress modestly, particularly when visiting religious sites. In general, shorts and tank tops are not considered appropriate attire.

What is the transportation system like in Lebanon?

Lebanon has a relatively good transportation system, with buses and taxis serving most areas. Rental cars are also available, but driving in Lebanon can be challenging due to the country’s narrow and winding roads.

Lebanon stands as a distinguished nexus of historical profundity and geographical diversity within the Mediterranean region. As the tourism sector progresses, it’s imperative to strike a balance between sustainable development and heritage conservation. Both visitors and industry professionals must collaborate to ensure the preservation of Lebanon’s intrinsic values and attractions.

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What does 2023 hold for Lebanon’s tourism industry?

A special talk, co-organized by Hospitality News Middle East and Hodema Consulting Services, was held on April 25 at HORECA Lebanon to reveal what 2023 holds for the country’s tourism industry. The session brought together leading industry figures to discuss the current situation and market projections for the upcoming summer tourist season. The panelists included: H.E. Walid Nassar, Lebanon’s Minister of Tourism; Marwan Haber, head of sales and marketing at Middle East Airlines Airliban; Pierre Achkar, president of both the Federation for Tourism Industries and the Lebanese Hotel Association; Jean Beyrouthy, president of Syndicate of Balnear Tourist Establishments in Lebanon; and Tony Ramy, President of Syndicate of Owners of Restaurants, Cafés, Night Clubs and Pastries in Lebanon. Nada Alameddine, managing partner of Hodema Consulting Services, moderated the talk.

A promising outlook Two million visitors are expected to come to Lebanon this summer, a positive sign that the country is back on the tourism map. The MOT has been very active in promoting Lebanon over the past 18 months; its “Ahla Bhal Talle” campaign won the “Best Arab Promotional Campaign Award” at ITB in Berlin in 2022. H.E. Nassar said that the ministry is working with the World Tourism Organization to nominate the town of Douma for the title of “Most Beautiful Town 2023” and announced the nomination of Kfardebian area, in collaboration with the Arab Tourism Organization, to be the Arab capital for winter tourism. There are now 150 guesthouses in remote areas of the country, such as Akkar, Dennieh and Ras Baalbek, which proves that people are seeking new experiences. Achkar added that Lebanon has not lost any of its components, capabilities or the will of its people. He concurred that summer 2023 is going to be a busy one and many places will be running at full occupancy. According to Beyrouthy, around 280 hospitality establishments employ approximately 50,000 workers, 30,000 of whom are seasonal employees. Expectations are high, and the industry looks set to enjoy several profitable months. Indeed, the decision made by H.E. Nassar to allow pricing in US dollars marked a major turning point for Lebanon’s hospitality sector, which was suffering due to volatile exchange rates. Ramy said that this step provided a lifeline for all kinds of hospitality establishments, particularly the restaurant sector, allowing many to turn a profit and reinvest. Despite MEA being dealt a double blow, from the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on jet fuel prices to human resource issues post Covid-19, the airline has been faring relatively well. Haber said that the overall booking rate for summer 2023 currently stands at 60-65 percent of the capacity set for this year — more than that in 2019 — and it is expected to reach 100 percent by the end of June. Capacity has reached 90 percent in some countries.

Room for improvement The panelists spoke about the importance of decentralization and the need for collective action within the private sector. Achkar reiterated that politics should not disrupt the tourism season, and Lebanon should maintain good ties with its Arab counterparts. For decades, Lebanon has welcomed visitors from the region, particularly Gulf tourists who would traditionally spend large sums on hotel accommodation, trips and eating out. Furthermore, investment must be prioritized. Beyrouthy stated that if there is a genuine intention to develop tourism in Lebanon, civil organization of coastal areas should be reconsidered, as well as the establishment of a new airport and other profitable investments to activate and develop the sector through a clear and effective strategy.

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Travel & Tourism in Lebanon (2022)

Unlock hidden opportunities in the Travel and Tourism industry

Published: August 17, 2022 Report Code: GDTTCS-22-124-MP-L5

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Discover untapped potential in the Travel & Tourism industry with our Travel & Tourism in Lebanon (2022) report and make more profitable business decisions.

GlobalData’s country series report titled ‘Travel & Tourism in Lebanon (2022)’ provides a wealth of key data for the travel & tourism sector in Lebanon. The data in this report includes demands & flows data on domestic travel, international arrivals and departures. Additionally, data is provided on traveler spending patterns, the airlines, and hotel sectors. The report also identifies the key themes impacting the tourism industry.

In 2022, Lebanon welcomed 1.2 million international arrivals. The country also saw 2.11 million international departures over the same period. This report is based on data from databases compiled by GlobalData’s team of industry experts.

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Uncover comprehensive data on the patterns and trends of travel within Lebanon. Dive into information related to travel destinations, purposes, and preferences of domestic tourists.

Capitalise on business opportunities by understanding how travellers allocate their expenditures based on their spending habits on accommodation, transportation, food, and other expenses.

Access data on inbound tourists arriving in Lebanon and outbound trips made by residents. This section includes popular destinations, factors driving these travel trends, and visitor demographics.

Understand occupancy rates for hotels, load factors for airlines, car rental trends, and the role of travel intermediaries in facilitating bookings and reservations.

Identify opportunities within the market and tailor your strategies to target specific customer groups in the travel and tourism industry of Lebanon.

Leverage historical and projected performance data to gauge the trajectory of the industry. Study how it has evolved over time and determine what can be expected in the future to enhance your strategies.

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Lebanon’s Hotels Hit Hardest by War in the South, Businesses Mourn Lost Season

T he mood is somber in Lebanon's tourism industry as leaders look ahead to the summer season. Reflecting on the promising summer of 2023, which followed three years of setbacks, they are now losing hope for a rebound, especially with the threat of war in the south casting a shadow.

Israeli predictions suggest a hot summer ahead for Lebanon, adding to concern about tourism.

Pierre Ashkar, who heads the Hotel Owners Syndicate, says hotel bookings have been practically non-existent since October. He blames this on the expected heat and ongoing conflict in the south.

Ashkar noted that many hotels, especially in Beirut, are partially closed without official announcements. In Mount Lebanon, about 90% of hotels are mostly shut down, though their owners haven’t made it public. This has led to fewer staff, with uncertainty about what’s next.

Reflecting on last year’s summer season, Ashkar recalled it as “excellent” after years of struggle. He attributed this success to a significant influx of foreign tourists. However, he now acknowledged a bleak outlook due to embassy warnings against travel to Lebanon, which discourages potential visitors.

Ashkar stressed that a ceasefire announcement would quickly improve the situation.

“This and next month are crucial for Lebanon’s tourism. If the war stops, we'll see a surge in bookings. But if it continues, we’ll lose the summer season gradually,” he told Asharq Al-Awsat.

Highlighting Lebanon’s heavy reliance on tourism, which contributes 40% to the GDP, Ashkar warns of significant losses if the security situation in the south remains unstable or deteriorates due to war.

“Tourism drives Lebanon’s economy. If the season falters, it will hurt the flow of foreign currency, slow down spending, and lead to job losses, especially for young people,” warned economic expert Walid Abu Sleiman.

Assessing the losses, Abu Sleiman noted that direct tourism revenues last year reached about $3.5 billion. He estimated losses in the sector during the eight-month war at around $200 million, with restaurants and cafes hit hard, and hotels suffering the most.

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Minister Joly to travel to Cyprus, Lebanon, Türkiye and Greece

From: Global Affairs Canada

News release

The Honourable Mélanie Joly, Minister of Foreign Affairs, today announced that she will be travelling to Cyprus, Lebanon, Türkiye and Greece from May 13 to 17, 2024.

May 13, 2024 – Ottawa, Ontario - Global Affairs Canada

In Cyprus, Minister Joly will meet with His Excellency Dr. Constantinos Kombos, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus, to exchange views on shared priorities, including efforts to increase humanitarian aid into Gaza as well as regional security. During her visit, Minister Joly will highlight the 60th anniversary of the UNFICYP, and Canada’s significant contribution to peacekeeping on the island.

In Lebanon, Minister Joly will meet with senior government officials and stakeholders. While in Lebanon, Minister Joly will also underscore Canada’s support for Lebanon and Lebanese people in their current challenges and reaffirm Canada’s commitment to regional stability.

In Türkiye, Minister Joly will meet with His Excellency Hakan Fidan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Türkiye, to explore avenues for increased cooperation between Canada and Türkiye. Minister Joly will also meet with government officials to discuss long-term peace and regional stability in the South Caucasus.

In Greece, Minister Joly will meet with His Excellency Giorgos Gerapetritis, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Republic, to deepen the long-standing relationship between the two countries and to build on the success of the recent visit to Canada of the Prime Minister of Greece.

“The rapidly evolving situations in the Middle East and in the Caucasus continue to have significant repercussions in many communities in Canada and around the world. I look forward to engaging with my counterparts and other stakeholders in Cyprus, Lebanon, Türkiye and Greece to hear their views on these issues and to see how Canada can continue to provide support where needed at this critical time.” - Mélanie Joly, Minister of Foreign Affairs

Quick facts

Canada and Cyprus maintain good bilateral and commercial relations. In 2023, bilateral merchandise trade between the two countries was valued at $118.12 million. Canadian exports totalled $104.7 million, while imports from Cyprus totalled $13.4 million.

Canada and Lebanon enjoy strong people-to-people ties, with approximately 400,000 Lebanese-Canadians living in Canada. Since 2016, Canada has committed more than $548 million in funding to support Lebanon’s stability and resilience as it copes with the effects of the conflicts in Iraq and Syria and the catastrophic explosion at the Beirut port in 2020.

The depth and variety of Canada-Türkiye bilateral relations have expanded significantly in recent years, while our countries continue to work closely together in many multilateral forums, including the G20, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Canada and Greece’s relationship is based on strong people-to-people ties and shared fundamental values that underpin cooperation on several regional and global issues. Our countries have shared diplomatic and trade relations for more than 80 years, and more than 262,000 Canadians claim Greek descent. In 2023, Canadian exports to Greece were valued at nearly $180.6 million, while imports from Greece increased to more than $404.4 million.

Associated links

• Canada-Cyprus relations
• Canada-Lebanon relations
• Canada-Türkiye relations
• Canada-Greece relations

Media Relations Office Global Affairs Canada [email protected] Follow us on X: @CanadaFP Like us on Facebook: Canada’s foreign policy - Global Affairs Canada

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War in Gaza has plunged Israel’s tourism industry into a crisis it will struggle to recover from

PhD Candidate in Sociology, University College Dublin

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Samuel Scanlon does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University College Dublin provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK.

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On a warm evening in April 2023, I sat outside a café in the Christian Quarter of Jerusalem’s Old City and enjoyed a drink with friends. An exuberant American tourist sat at the table next to us and excitedly told us about his day.

Apparently, a chance encounter with the Patriarch of Jerusalem had led to him accessing the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for the Holy Fire Ceremony, Orthodox Christianity’s most significant event of the year.

This scene was being repeated by innumerable people in countless places throughout the city. The details change, but the significance of their authentic, spiritual experience carried through them all.

The significance of the “Holy Land” cannot be underestimated for the faithful. For more than 2,000 years it has been one of the world’s most significant pilgrimage sites. In modern times this has provided the foundation for a lucrative tourism industry worth a reported US$8.46 billion (£6.73 bn) for Israel and US$1 billion for Palestine in 2019.

But since October tourists have not been able to access the region at all. Most major airlines have suspended travel to Israel over concerns of safety, and governments around the world have advised their citizens against travelling there. Standard travel insurance packages also no longer include cover for people travelling to the region.

Beyond economic development, tourism plays a significant political role in the region. The Zionist movement, which led to the creation of Israel in 1948, recognised early that tourism was an excellent tool to foster global connections and encourage immigration to support the Zionist settlement of Palestine.

This has only increased and expanded over the decades. More recently, it manifests in an expansive industry of pro-Israel evangelical Christian tours and free birthright trips offered to young people of the Jewish diaspora.

For the first half of 2023, I lived in Jerusalem researching the political significance of tourism across the region. I interviewed people working in, advocating for, and being affected by tourism activities. It was a turbulent time as violence has escalated, yet pilgrims and tourists still flocked to the region as the global tourism industry continued to recover following the pandemic.

Having now watched Christmas, Ramadan, Passover and Easter pass, I find myself reflecting on how much has changed in just one year. After seven months of intense violence in the region, the destruction of Gaza, the very visible and ongoing suffering of Palestinians, and an International Court of Justice ruling that Israel’s actions in Gaza could amount to genocide, it cannot possibly return to business as usual.

Grinding to a halt

Tour companies in Palestine and Israel are used to waxing and waning violence resulting in uncertain income due to cancelled trips. They normally operate with a reserve of capital to ensure that they can survive these tough months.

But several of my interviewees revealed that these reserves have been completely depleted throughout the pandemic. Many companies are now in a very precarious position without their safety net as the industry grinds to a halt.

Some have reacted quickly, offering tours to diplomats and journalists – the only international visitors remaining in the region. But this can do little to staunch the bleeding industry and many, if not most, of these companies will no longer exist when tourism is finally able to return to the region.

Israel’s most steadfast allies are also beginning to waver in their support for the assault on Gaza. Mass student protests across infamously pro-Israel American universities, calls for boycott, divestment and sanctions, and an uncensorable social media advocacy and solidarity movement , make the future outlook for Israel’s tourism industry bleak, both as a generator of revenue and a Zionist political tool.

There will eventually exist a tourist audience in the future. But the receptiveness of this audience to a Zionist narrative is questionable.

International supporters of Israel are becoming aware of the violent settler-colonial aspect of Zionism . Many are being swayed to support Palestine along with vast swaths of the global population who had never spared a thought for Israel or Palestine before October. And the average tourist or pilgrim is now aware of the propagandist language and framing of narrative that previously they would have accepted at face value and never questioned.

The global surge of support for Palestinians may transition to these people wishing to visit and meet them to show solidarity and witness the suffering and oppression with their own eyes. Israel has effectively destroyed one of its historically most effective tools in the continuation of its settler project by destroying Gaza for the world to see.

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Five biggest tech industry layoffs of 2024, so far

Over 81,000 tech workers have been made redundant since the beginning of the year.

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Mass layoffs across the technology sector have continued throughout 2024 following a tumultuous year of layoffs during 2023. 

In 2023, nearly 2,000 tech companies made significant layoffs, resulting in over 260,000 tech workers out of their job by December that year. 

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According to online tracker, layoffs.fyi , job cuts have continued to plague the industry with over 81,000 employees laid off in 2024 already. 

Duolingo, Unity Software and BenchSci were among the 13 tech companies to conduct layoffs within the first nine days of 2024 that left approximately 2,358 employees out of work. 

As 2024 reaches its midway point, Verdict compiled the tech sector’s biggest layoffs so far. 

On the 7 May 2024, Tesla entered its fourth week of layoffs following disappointing sales of its cybertruck EV. 

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In April 2024, Bloomberg and Electrek reported that an internal memo sent by Tesla CEO Elon Musk stated that 10% of its workforce could be cut, potentially affecting nearly 14,000 people. 

In Q1 2024, Tesla stated that it had only sold 386,000 cybertruck units, despite producing over 430,000.   

The company’s most recent layoffs, in May, affected teams in software, engineering and services. 

According to layoffs.fyi graphs, Tesla has conducted the largest number of tech layoff s since the Covid-19 Pandemic in 2020. 

Cisco cut 5% of its workforce , equating to 4,000 employees, in February following its Q2 2024 earnings which reported a drop in its product and services revenues. 

Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins noted in the earnings call that demand for Cisco’s telco and cable services was on the decline but stated that the company would continue to make investments towards future growth opportunities. 

Cisco’s next earnings call is scheduled for the 15 May 2024. 

Ericsson cut 1,200 Swedish jobs in March 2024 citing ongoing market challenges and a dwindling demand for 5G products and rollout. 

It first began negotiations with unions on 25 March, with its Swedish layoff planned as part of a global effort to cut the company’s costs. In 2023, Ericsson cut over 8,000 jobs globally. 

At the end of 2023, Ericsson had around 100,000 employees according to an annual report. 

Ericsson stated that it had made the layoffs to increase operational efficiency through measures such as reducing the number of consultants, streamlining processes, and reducing facilities. 

Apple cut over 600 employees following the closure of its self-driving EV project. Affected employees included hardware engineers, machine shop managers and product design engineers.   

Employees not made redundant but who had worked on the EV project were encouraged to apply for other Apple jobs. 

In an internal memo, Apple CEO Tim Cook and its COO Jeff Williams stated that the employees working on the EV project would be reassigned to AI work. The layoffs mark the first significant round of cuts Apple has made since the Covid-19 Pandemic.   

Apple had previously bucked tech’s layoff trend in September 2023 when Cook stated that Apple was interested in hiring UK AI talent.

Google made 200 employees redundant in May 2024 to support the company’s long-term financial goals. 

Many of the titles affected had been relocated abroad to save money. Some of the affected jobs were moved to India or Mexico in an attempt to be closer to Google’s partners.   

The layoffs affected Core employees, including its Python and Flutter developer teams, who work on online safety and Google’s flagship products.   

Asim Husain, Google’s vice president of its Developer Ecosystem, acknowledged the uncertainty created among employees, but stated that software development was undergoing industry-wide upheaval thanks to the rise of generative AI. 

The redundancies were announced shortly after Google’s parent company Alphabet announced its first ever dividend following successful Q1 2024 results. 

Previous layoffs made this year by Google include hundreds of jobs lost across its augmented reality, Pixel and Nest teams . 

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