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Bhakra Dam - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024) - Tripadvisor

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Bhakhra Dam, the highest straight gravity dam in the world situated in Naina Devi Sub-Tehsil about 14 Kms. from Nangal town occupies the predominant position amongst the places of tourist interest.

Bhakhra occupies a very important place on the India’s tourist map and has rightly been described as a “New Temple of Resurgent India”, by the late Prime Minister Mr. Nehru. The project authorities have set up a Public Relation Office in Nangal Township which provides necessary help and guidance to the tourists.

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How to Reach:

Nearest Airport is at Chandigarh, situated at a distance of about 113 Km.

Nearest Railway Station is Nangal Dam, situated at a distance of about 100 Km.

Bhakra Dam is easily approachable by Road, it is situated at a distance of about 117 Km from Bilaspur.

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• Visit The Magnificent Bhakra Nangal Dam On Your Trip To Punjab

23 Mar 2023

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The Bhakra Nangal dam is one of the most striking features of Punjab located on the river Satluj, it is the most poignant architectural marvels of India that took 15 years to complete after its construction which began in 1948. It is known to be the world’s highest straight gravity dam situated on the border between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh that stands tall and attracts thousands of tourists every year who come marvel at this magnificent structure.

The dam is located about 116 km away from Chandigarh making an ideal weekend getaway spot for people living in the city who want some respite and spend their time in recreational activities and water sports. This dam holds a lot of importance in terms of tourism and agricultural activities, it serves as a prospective destination for tourism for spending the day out with your loved ones and cherishing the good times at the dam. This dam is also a powerhouse that provides water for irrigation purposes throughout Himachal Pradesh and Haryana.

The Bhakra Nangal Dam was also described as the ‘Temple of Resurgent India’ by Jawaharlal Nehru who resumed its construction in the year 1955 after it was halted in between.

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One of the best places to visit in Himachal Pradesh , The Bhakra Nangal dam serves as a multi-purpose project in terms of tourism and agricultural spectrum. It aims to provide ample water for irrigation to the adjoining states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. It also serves as a plant that provides hydroelectricity which is generated by Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Haryana and Delhi.

The administration and management of the Bhakra Nangal project are undertaken by Bhakra Management Board (BMB). Bhakra Management Board has been renamed as Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) to manage dams on river Beas as well.

In case you are wondering the Bhakra Nangal Dam height , it is 226 m. As far as the Bhakra Nangal dam water level is concerned, the maximum capacity of the dam is 1680 feet.

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Being the fourth largest dam in India after Tehri dam, the Bhakra Nangal dam attracts a large number of tourists who come to visit the large reservoir and enjoy the stunning views of the dam and the surrounding location. This man-made magnificent gigantic structure is every bit alluring that has several spots ideal to spend a day with your loved ones having a good time. Gobind Sagar Lake which is touted as one of the best lakes in Himachal Pradesh features many serene spots for indulging in picnics and several recreational activities including boating in the reservoir, water skiing, kayaking, and sailing.

The history of this dam goes way back in time, it was one of the earliest river valley development schemes that were undertaken after the independence of India. After the project was signed by the Punjab Revenue Minister Sir Chhotu Ram in November 1944, the king of Bilaspur finalised it on January 4, 1945.

However, the construction of the dam started in the year 1948 by the then Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, Sir Louis Dane and Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first bricks of concrete into the riverbed of river Sutlej on November 17, 1955, to mark the symbolic commencement of work while addressing a gathering there. He described the dam to be considered as a gift for the people of India and to future generations. He went on to say, “This dam has been built with the unrelenting toil of man for the benefit of mankind and therefore is worthy of worship. May you call it a temple or a gurdwara or a mosque, it inspired our admiration and reverence.”

The project was however delayed and restarted soon after independence under the chief architect Rai Bahadur Kunwar Sen Gupta and was financed by the union government. The dam was completed by the end of 1963.

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Situated on the river Satluj, the Bhakra Nangal dam’s height is 741 ft (226m), which makes it one of the highest gravity dams in the world. The Gobindsagar Reservoir, named after Guru Gobind Singh, is created by this dam which is the third-largest reservoir in India after Indira Sagar Dam and Nagarjunasagar Dam.

The reservoir of the dam, Gobind Sagar, has fishes of different species including endangered Mahseer which means fishing in this reservoir is a common activity, hence, you’ll spot local fishermen practising fishing in Gobind Sagar. This dam holds excess water during the monsoon and provides a regulated release during the year. It also prevents damage due to monsoon floods. Another important feature that makes this dam relevant is that it provides irrigation to 10 million acres of fields in Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab. Apart from supplying water for irrigation, it plays a pivotal role in generating electricity that is supplied to different states of North India like Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi. Bhakra dam has ten power generators with five on each side that have a capacity of 1325 MW.

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The best time to visit Bhakra Nangal Dam is between October and November.

A visit to Bhakra Nangal dam will never fail to disappoint you and will give you the perfect getaway you needed to spend time with your loved ones. Apart from being an important landmark in the history of India and being the second largest dam in Asia, this dam has several spots where you can indulge in recreational activities and spend a day out. Plan a picnic at the Gobind Sagar Lake and make your weekend a blissful retreat while you’re out having fun. Make sure you pay a visit to this magnificent dam on your trip to Punjab and tell us about your experience once you’re back!

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Frequently Asked Questions About Bhakra Nangal Dam

How do I get to Nangal Dam?

The nearest airport to the Bhakra Nangal Dam is Chandigarh Airport from where you can easily find taxis plying between the dam and the airport. For a more convenient trip, you can take a train ride to reach Nangal via Chandigarh.

What are the things to do near the Bhakra Nangal dam?

This magnificent gigantic structure has several spots ideal to spend a day with your loved ones. The Gobind Sagar Lake has one of the most serene spots for indulging in picnics, several recreational activities including boating in the reservoir, water skiing, kayaking, and sailing.

Which is the best area to stay near Bhakra Nangal Dam?

The best place to stay near the dam would be in the heart of Punjab, Chandigarh, where you can find a number of resorts and luxury hotels in Chandigarh.

Is Bhakra Nangal Dam the largest?

Bhakra Nangal dam is one of the largest dams of India which forms the Gobind Sagar reservoir which stretches over a huge area of 40 km sq. It is one of the largest man-made wonders and the world’s highest straight gravity dam

Why was the Bhakra Nangal dam built?

Bhakra dam was a part of the Bhakra Nangal Project whose aims were to prevent floods in the Satluj-Beas river valley and to provide irrigation to adjoining states while also provide hydro-electricity.

Who built Bhakra Nangal Dam?

The construction of the Bhakra Nangal Dam started in 1948 when Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru laid the first foundation brick for the dam. The construction of the dam completed in 1963.

Is Bhakra Nangal Dam open to visitors?

You can visit Bhakra Nangal Dam any time of the year but first, you will need to get the visitors to pass from BBMB Public relations office.

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Bhakra Dam is located between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. It is a major symbol of human creativity and imagination. At a height of 226 metres height, it is the second tallest dam in Asia, creating the expansive Gobind Sagar Reservoir. The dam was conceived for irrigation and power generation in the area. Today, this engineering marvel is a serene getaway, representing Jawaharlal Nehru's dream of a growing India.

Bhakra Dam, often called the "New Temple of Resurgent India" by Jawaharlal Nehru, stands proudly at the border of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. This architectural marvel was completed in the year 1963. It is also a symbol of India's post-independence industrial and technological advancements. 

Bhakra Dam ranks among the tallest dams in India, with a staggering height of 226 metres. Its creation marked a significant leap in the use of water resources for hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, and flood control, showcasing human creativity and resilience.

The dam also has a reservoir, called the Gobind Sagar Lake. It has been named after Guru Gobind Singh, and stretches across vast expanses, creating a scenic landscape that attracts tourists and nature lovers alike. The sheer size and grandeur of Bhakra Dam, along with the tranquil beauty of its surroundings, offer a unique blend of technological achievement and natural splendour. It has significantly contributed to the socio-economic development of the region as well.

Furthermore, it has also provided a stable source of water and electricity for agriculture practices, industrial benefits, and local working of households. Bhakra Dam promises an unforgettable experience to all, blending the essence of human efforts with the serenity of nature. The peaceful beauty and amazing technology of Bhakra Dam make it a must-visit destination on any Himachal travel packages .

• Marvel at the towering height of Bhakra Dam, an engineering marvel standing 226 metres tall above sea level. • Explore Gobind Sagar Lake, a vast reservoir created by the dam, offering stunning scenic beauty. • Witness the grandeur of human invention and engineering marvels that power multiple states with water and electricity. • Enjoy the tranquillity of the surroundings that is perfect for boating, and ideal for having picnics by the bank of the lake. • Learn about the dam's role in India's progress and its significance as described by Jawaharlal Nehru.

How To Reach

By Road: Bhakra Dam is accessible by road from nearby major cities like Chandigarh, Delhi, and Shimla. From Chandigarh, it is about a 115.7-kilometre drive, which takes approximately 2.5 to 3 hours via NH503 and NH205. This route offers a scenic drive through the foothills of the Himalayas. Regular bus services from Chandigarh, Delhi, and Shimla to Nangal town are available. From Nangal Town, Bhakra Dam is just 11.6 kilometres away. You can also hire taxis from these cities for a more comfortable journey.

By Train: The closest major railway station to Bhakra Dam is the Nangal Railway Station in Punjab. It is 12.4 kilometres away from the attraction. From the station, you can hire a taxi or catch a bus to reach Bhakra Dam, which takes about 1 to 1.5 hours.

Best Time To Visit

Bhakra Dam is a fantastic destination to visit any time of the year. It offers diverse experiences across different seasons.

Best Day:  Opt for weekdays to visit the popular Bhakra Dam. The weekends tend to draw larger crowds, which can lead to a more congested experience. A weekday visit ensures a quieter setting. It also makes it easier to enjoy the dam's history and architecture at your own pace. This is also when you can enjoy lesser waiting times for activities like boating. 

Best Time of the Day:  Arriving early, between 09:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m., is advisable. The morning offers cooler temperatures and fewer people. It provides a peaceful atmosphere to admire the dam and the Gobind Sagar Lake. These hours also give you ample time to explore all that Bhakra Dam has to offer before it closes at 05:00 p.m.

Other Essential Information

• Check the dam's visiting hours before you plan your trip. 
• Wear comfortable shoes for exploring around, as there is a lot to see and do here.
• Carry a water bottle and snacks, especially if visiting with kids.
• Bring a camera to capture the dam’s beauty, but respect no-photo zones since some areas might restrict photography.
• Maintain a social decorum and respect the natural surroundings by not littering around the dam.

Enjoy a Scenic Boating Adventure on Gobind Sagar Lake

Enjoy the serene waters of Gobind Sagar Lake by taking a leisurely boat ride here. Created in 1963 after the completion of Bhakra Dam, this vast reservoir is named after Guru Gobind Singh. It spans an area of around 170 square kilometres. As you cruise along the waters of the lake, you can soak in breathtaking views of the surrounding hills and the vast expanse of water. While boating in the lake, you can even spot local wildlife species like sambhar, wild boar, and chinkara. This activity is a great way to admire the engineering marvel of Bhakra Dam from a unique perspective.

Discover the Dam's Architecture and Engineering Up-Close

A visit to Bhakra Dam allows you to marvel at one of the world's highest gravity dams. Standing at an impressive height of 226 metres, it showcases human innovation and resilience. Constructed over the Sutlej River, the dam was a monumental project completed in 1963. It has also been crucial in preventing flood damage. You can ake a guided tour here, and learn about the dam's history, the technology behind its construction, and its significant role in irrigation and power generation. Witnessing the massive structure up close can give you a sense of the scale and importance of this dam.

Picnic Along the Tranquil Shores of Gobind Sagar Lake

The shores of Gobind Sagar Lake provide a perfect picnic spot for families and friends. With the dam as your backdrop, you can enjoy a day out in the lush greenery around the lake. The reservoir's creation has also contributed to the local ecosystem, fostering a vibrant biodiversity around its perimeter. It is an ideal place to relax, with plenty of spots to spread out a picnic blanket and enjoy a meal in the outdoors. The peaceful environment makes for a refreshing break from the hustle and bustle of city life.

Try Your Hand at Fishing in Gobind Sagar Lake

The Gobind Sagar Lake is home to a variety of fish, including the endangered Mahseer. This makes it a popular spot for fishing enthusiasts. Known for its rich aquatic life, Gobind Sagar Lake supports commercial fishing, contributing to the livelihood of local communities. As you try to catch a fish here, you can also enjoy the experience of being one with nature. Local guides can help you find the best spots for fishing and provide insights into sustainable fishing practices. It is a rewarding experience that offers a glimpse into the local way of life.

Explore the Local Flora and Fauna on a Nature Walk

The area around Bhakra Dam is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna. A nature walk in the surrounding forests offers a chance to immerse yourself in the beauty of the Himalayan foothills. You might spot various bird species, medicinal plants, and maybe even catch glimpses of wildlife. The region's diverse ecosystems provide a haven for biodiversity, with several endangered species finding sanctuary here. Some of these include Wild Boar, Sambar, Barking Deer, Singhara, Hyena, Sloth Bear, Nilgai, Chinkara, and Wild Boar. These walks also offer you a moment of quiet, away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.

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Bhakra Nangal Dam Tourism

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Disclaimer: It's important to check the most current information before planning your visit, as opening hours can vary and might be subject to change due to special events, maintenance, or unforeseen circumstances. A reliable way to confirm the opening hours is to contact the local tourism board, check the official website (if available)

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Bhakra Nangal Dam

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Timings : 8:00 AM - 3:20 PM

Time Required : 1 hour

Entry Fee : Free

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Bhakra Nangal Dam, Bilaspur Overview

Bhakra Dam is situated across the Satluj River, Bhakra Village (upstream) in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. Its reservoir is known as 'Gobind Sagar' which stores up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water. Jawaharlal Nehru honourably called it as the "New Temple of Resurgent India." It attracts a significant number of tourists from all over the country. Bhakra Dam is 15 km from Nangal city. Nangal Dam is a downstream dam to Bhakra Dam. Together they are called Bhakra Nangal Dam.

The Bhakra Nangal multi-purpose dams are first among the river valley development schemes taken by the government post independence. It is one of the highest gravity dams in the world. The Gobindsagar reservoir created by the dam is the third largest reservoir in India. It holds water in right ways and prevents the fields from being damaged during monsoons. It has ten power generators on either of its sides. Also, it is the fourth largest dam after the Tehri dam. For security reasons the visitors to Bhakra Nangal were banned in 2009.

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Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej River and is near the border between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh in northern India. The dam, located at a gorge near the upstream Bhakra village in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh, which is about 13 km upstream from Nangal township, is Asia’s second tallest at 225.55 m (740 ft) high next to the 261m Tehri Dam also in India. Its reservoir, known as the “Gobind Sagar”, stores up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water. The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km2. In terms of storage of water, it is the second largest reservoir in India, the first being Indira Sagar dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cu m. Described as ‘New Temple of Resurgent India’ by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, the dam attracts a large number of tourists who visit its reservoir and attractive location. The distance between the Ganguwal and Bhakra Dam is about 30-35 km.

Nangal dam is another dam downstream of Bhakra dam. Sometimes both the dams together are called Bhakra-Nangal dam though they are two separate dams.

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How to Reach:

Nearest Airport is at Chandigarh at about 75 KMs.

Nearest Railway Station is at Nangal at a distance of approximately 15 KMs.

Chandigarh is approximately at a distance of 115 KMs and district headquarters Rupnagar is at a distance of about 75 KMs.

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Search this blog, a joyful drive through bhakhra dam and the beautiful govind sagar lake surrounded by lush green landscapes & sounds of colourful birds all around.

While driving from Delhi to Rewalsar in Mandi , we chose the route via Una because the highway on this route is much better than the other highway which connects Mandi through Bilaspur . And when we are on the way to Una, we often wonder if we should take a quick detour from Nagal through Bhakhra Dam. This route is even shorter thought not a highway. We have taken this narrow route through beautiful landscapes, water streams, well paved roads and greenery all around. In this blogpost we will share the procedure to take this route, things to not do on your way, precautions to be taken and spots to enjoy brilliant views which are restricted by local authorities. There is a major stretch where you are not supposed to stop the car. We shall share precise details like that along with some information about Bhakhra dam. 

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Most Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.

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Bhakra Dam - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024)

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Bhakra Dam, Himachal Pradesh

Bhakra Dam in India is one of the largest dams of the country and has been a source of multi-purpose functionality. With irrigation, hydroelectricity, water supply and more provided via it, Bhakra Dam is one of the most important dams around Sutlej river in Bilaspur in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India. The dam is a concrete gravity based and is located at the Bhakra village.

Bhakra dam has a height of 226 m along with length and breadth of 518.25 m and 9.1 m respectively. It also has a reservoir known by as Gobind Sagar with a capacity of 9.34 billion cubic meters of water. The whole of Bhakra dam project is spread across 90 km length and a total area of over 168.35 sq. km. Going by the size metrics, this one is the third largest reservoir in India.

The dam is named after Guru Gobind Singh. It is also the third largest reservoir in India. This area was chosen for the dam because of the narrow gorge that Sutlej flows through here. The old village of Bhakra was submerged into the reservoir for making this dam. It offers irrigation facility, water supply and electricity production with the electricity itself being over 1325 MW.

Bhakra Dam is a short drive from the Bilaspur city centre in Himachal Pradesh. The transportations are very easy and the large array of sightseeing spots like the dam, the Gobind Sagar reservoir and the mighty Sultej are really entertaining for the tourists.

Bhakra Dam can be visit in between 08.00 AM to 03:30 PM

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Bhakra Dam Bilaspur

Situated right on the border of North Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, the very famous Bhakra Dam is the highest straight gravity Dam in the world. The view of this vast dam and the surrounding jungles is absolutely stunning and so, a lot of tourist visits this amazing place to take the glimpse of this engineering marvel. The Bhakra Dam is four decade old and it lies in the Bhakra village of Bilaspur, which is about 13 km upstream from Nangal township. The dam is visited by more than 2 to 3 lakh visitors every year from all over the world.

Important Facts Built across the Sutlej River, the Bhakra Dam is Asia's second tallest at 225.55 meters (740 feet) high next to the 261 meter Tehri, which is also in India. The Gobind Sagar, reservoir of Bhakra Dam, stores up to 9.34 billion cubic meters of water, which is enough to drain the whole of Chandigarh and parts of Haryana, Punjab, and Delhi. In terms of storage of water, the dam withholds the second largest reservoir in India, the first being Indira Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cubic meters of water.

The dam was constructed to prevent floods in the Sutlej-Beas river valley, to provide irrigation to adjoining states, and to give hydroelectricity. It becomes a prime tourist spot in Bilaspur because of its huge size and uniqueness. The Bhakra Dam is three times taller than the Qutab Minar and occupies the important position on the map of India.

History The Bhakra Dam is one of the earliest river valley development schemes undertaken by India after independence. The construction of this dam started in 1948, when Jawahar Lal Nehru poured the first bucket of concrete into the foundations of Bhakra. The dam was completed by the end of 1963 and its construction was started by Sir Louis Dane, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab.

Adventure Activities near Bhakra Nangal Tourists visiting Bhakra Dam also have the opportunity to try the water sports at the famous Gobind Lake. This is an artificial lake formed as a result of the Bhakra Dam on the river Sutlej. The lake is quite popualr for the sports such as water skiing, sailing, kayaking, and water scooter racing. One can also visit the holy shrine of the Naina Devi, overlooking the Gobind Lake and experience jungle safari, nearby wildlife sanctuary.

Other Facts Engineering comes to perfection in the Bhakra Dam, which is virtually the central nervous system of northern India. The dam supply electricity to the entire region and helps run industries, corporate houses, etc. It offers amazing view of the Sutlej River and stands beautifully in the midst of the natural beauty of Shivalik ranges.

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Developmental History of Bhakra – Nangal Dam Project

“Bhakra Nangal Project is something tremendous, something stupendous, and something which shakes you up when you see it. Bhakra, the new temple of resurgent India, is the symbol of India’s progress.”

-Jawaharlal Nehru

Brief History

The proposal to construct a storage reservoir on the Satluj first time originated in a Note dated 8 November 1908 by Sir Louis Dane indicating Suni and Badu Gorges as being favourable sites for dams for storage and power development. A detailed report on this proposal was submitted in March 1910. However, the estimated cost of the project was considered prohibitive and project was shelved.

1919 Project Report

The proposal for a dam on the Satluj was again revived by Mr. F.E. Gwyther, the then Chief Engineer, in a note dated 20 February 1915. On the basis of this note, the first detailed and comprehensive project report for a high dam at Bhakra was prepared in 1919.

The 1919 project report provided for the storage of the unutilized Satluj water during the period of excess flow and essentially consisted of the following four big works:

• Upper Sirhind Canal
• Lower Sirhind Canal
• The Western Yamuna Canal Extension.

The proposed dam was to be 120.40m (395 ft) high and located about 69 km (43 miles) from Ropar almost at the same place as where the present dam has been constructed. It provided for a maximum storage of 3182.38 million cubic metre (2.58 million-acre ft). The dam was to have a solid masonry gravity section arched in plan and was to be the highest dam in the world at that time. The project did not provide for any hydroelectric installation and was essentially an irrigation project. The project was fully supported by geological investigations carried out by the Geological Survey of India.

The 1919 project, however, never materialized and was shelved in favour of the Satluj Valley Project sanctioned in 1919.

Proposal of the Project during 1920-1938

The 1919 Project although not pursued further, resulted in a series of investigations and examination of the Bhakra Gorge by eminent Geologists and Engineers. In December 1924, the Chief Geologist to the Attock Oil Co. inspected the site and on his recommendations drifts were excavated on both banks of the river above the summer flood level to expose unweathered rock at the dam site. In 1925, the Superintendent Geologist, Geological Survey of India scrutinized the strata thus laid bare and reported on the geological aspects of the proposed dam. In 1927, a Committee consisting of Mr. A.J. Wiley, Consulting Engineer on Dams to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Irrigation Service, Dr. E.S. Pinfold, the Chief Geologist to the Attock Oil Co. and Mr. W.H. Nicholson, Chief Engineer of Punjab Irrigation was formed to report on the proposed Bhakra Dam site and other possible storage sites between rivers Yamuna and the Chenab. The Committee inspected the Bhakra site in November 1927, and their report prominently brought to the notice the advantages of a 152.40m (500 ft) high dam over the previously proposed 120.40m (395 ft) high dam as contemplated in the 1919 project. In 1932, surveys for the reservoir area for a 152.40m (500 ft) high dam were carried out.

1939-42 Project Report

In 1939, a Detailed Project Report for a 152.40m (500 ft) high dam was taken up by Dr. A.N. Khosla, the then Superintending Engineer, Project Circle. In this project, a 152.40m (500 ft) high straight gravity concrete dam with a storage of 5859 million cubic metre (4.75 million acre ft) at maximum reservoir El.487.68m (1,600 ft) was contemplated. The height of the dam was based on the detailed geological information then available. The project covered various important aspects of the design like seismicity of the dam site, silting of the reservoir, diversion of the river during construction, adequacy of spillway capacity, preparation of foundation and abutments, placing of concrete, etc., and provided for hydro-electric power development for the first time. Provision for four units of 40 MW each with a fifth auxiliary unit also of 40 MW capacity was made in the estimate.

In 1944, Dr. J.L. Savage, the then Chief Engineer, United States Bureau of Reclamation was requested by the Punjab Government to examine the site and report on the feasibility of construction of a dam with maximum reservoir level at El.487.68m (1,600 ft). He recommended that the dam site was suitable for the purpose and suggested further explorations of foundation and abutments. This work was carried out during 1945-47 under the supervision of Dr. F.A. Nickell, an American Geologist of considerable experience and provided detailed geological information for the subsequent design work. In all, 58 holes were drilled in the course of preliminary explorations aggregating to an approximate length of 2,133.60 m. Further explorations after the approval of the project, however, continued upto 1955 to finally establish the geological features of the area correctly and to devise the foundation treatment scheme. A total of about 12,801.60 m of core drilling was done to complete the sub-surface investigation. Additionally, 1.21 km of drifts were excavated to supplement the knowledge of sub-surface geology and to inspect the rock available.

1945-46 Project Report

In 1945-46, specification designs, with maximum reservoir at El.481.58 m (1,580 ft), were prepared by the International Engineering Co. Denver, U.S.A. The limitation of the maximum reservoir elevation was imposed by the Draft Bilaspur Agreement of 1945 between the Punjab Government and the Raja of Bilaspur.

Based on the 1939-42 project, firm power studies of 1945-46 and various reports of experts, the design provided for a straight gravity dam having top at El.487.68 m (1,600 ft) with a drum gate spillway, a tunnel spillway, river outlet, tunnel outlet works and a firm power installation of 150 MW.

Final Proposal of the Project during 1948-51

In 1948 when irrigation & power demands of the partitioned state of Punjab on the Indian side further increased, the question of the height of the dam, the top elevation which was fixed at El. 487.68 m (1,600 ft) only to prevent the submergence of Bilaspur town, was reviewed and it was decided to construct the dam to the maximum safe optimum height as determined by foundation rock conditions, so as to fully exploit irrigation and power potential. After necessary water power studies and further foundation explorations, it was decided in 1948 to raise the dam to its optimum height with the full reservoir level at El.512.06 m (1,680 ft), later on further raised to El. 513.58 m (1,685 ft).

The revised designs and specifications for the higher dam were again entrusted to International Company Inc. USA through an agreement dated 14 November 1948 between the Irrigation Branch of Public Works Department (PWD) of Punjab and International Company Inc. USA.

In 1951, a revised project report was prepared for the 207.26 m (680 ft) high, straight gravity dam.

The final project proposal comprised the following units:

• Bhakra Dam and Power Plants
• Nangal Hydel Channel
• Ganguwal & Kotla Power Houses on the Nangal Hydel Channel
• Remodelling of Ropar Headworks
• Remodelling of Sirhind Canal
• Bhakra Canals
• Bist Doab Canal
• Transmission and distribution system of electrical energy
• Development of markets and communications of Bhakra area

Thus, with the above proposal, Bhakra Nangal Project took the shape of a true multi-purpose project, providing irrigation and power generation as its main benefits and facilities for flood prevention, recreation and fish culture as incidental advantages.

After independence in 1947, the two eminent engineers of the Punjab, Dr. A.N.Khosla and Er. Kanwar Sain, continued their efforts of impressing upon Govt. of India through Union Minister for Works, Mines & Power, Shri N.V. Gadgil the urgency & dire need of speedy construction of Bhakra Dam.

A debate ensued as to who should build the dam. Did the Indian engineers possess the requisite skill and experience to construct a dam of vast magnitute and technical complexities? Could they do it alone? Could the dam be built by the Public Works Department? It was Dr.A.N. Khosla who, with great ability and vision understood the problem and laid down three fundamental policies in this regard. Firstly, he pleaded forcefully that the dam should be constructed by P.W.D. under the guidance of foreign experts. Secondly, the Government of India should play a pro-active role in the building of stupendous dam, the like of which had never been built in the country. Thirdly, since the matter was of inter-provincial importance and the aim was to meet the water requirement of three states viz Punjab, PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union) and Rajasthan, the height of dam should be increased by about 100 feet.

Thus, Bhakra Control Board an agency to supervise and monitor the progress of the Project was constituted. This organisation had representatives of the Central Government, the Government of Punjab, PEPSU and Rajasthan consisted of:

• Governor of Punjab ...... Chairman
• Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of India ...... Vice-Chairman
• Chairman, Central Water and Power Commission, Government of India ...... Member
• Secretaries of various states’ Governments in charge of Irrigation and Power and also Finance Member
• All the Chief Engineers – Incharge of construction ...... Member
• Joint Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of India ...... Member

Later on, in 1952 a “Board of Consultants” was also set up under the Chairmanship of Dr.A.N. Khosla.

Construction Phase of Bhakra-Nangal Project during 1951 - 1963

The working conditions at Bhakra in the early years of the Project Layout and Construction were appalling, to say the least. The rail-head was up to Ropar (Punjab) only, about 60 Km away from Nangal, the construction of further extension up to Nangal started in 1946. There was hardly any road from Ropar to Nangal before independence, the extension of which up to Nangal started in 1947. Slowly and steadily, the necessary infrastructure started coming up only after 1948. A 50-bed hospital, the first of its kind, was set up at Nangal in 1951 only.

Two very vital decisions were taken by Indian Planners and Engineers. One was to build the Bhakra Canal System first in preference to Bhakra Dam and the other to construct the Dam departmentally with the help of foreign experts. Although US BUREAU(UNITED STATE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION) was design consultant for Bhakra Dam, the execution came in the hands of Indian Engineers of the Deptt. of Irrigation. The full-fledged construction activity started only after April 1952 when Mr. M.Harvey Slocum arrived with his team of construction technicians and engineers from America.

The decision to build the Bhakra Canal System before the Dam could be completed was bold, imaginative and of course fruitful. It will remain a landmark in the history of river valley projects. The chief credit for this step goes to Er. Kanwar Sain, Member of the Central Water & Power Commission. It was decided that bulk of the funds and efforts be concentrated on the early completion of the canal system so that non-perennial supply of water might be available to the farmers as early as possible. The ready acceptance and quick implementation of such a policy resulted in the completion of the Bhakra Canal System, which was inaugurated by the First Prime Minister of India, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, on 7th July 1954.

Pt. Nehru was immensely proud and fond of Bhakra. He visited the project 10 times during its construction. Fired by passion and enthusiasm to build new India, all engineers and technicians put in un-tiring efforts day & night for almost a decade to build Bhakra Dam – The Nation’s Pride. Pt. Nehru dedicated the dam to the nation on 22nd October 1963.

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In the heart of northern India, nestled amid the rugged terrain of the Himalayan foothills, stands a towering symbol of human ingenuity and engineering prowess – the Bhakra Dam. This colossal structure, an engineering marvel of its time, not only tames the mighty Sutlej River but also serves as a beacon of progress and prosperity for the nation.

Completed in 1963 after years of meticulous planning and arduous construction, the Bhakra Dam is a testament to India’s ambition to harness its natural resources for the betterment of its people. Named after the nearby village of Bhakra in Himachal Pradesh, the dam spans the Sutlej River, creating one of the largest reservoirs in India – the Gobind Sagar Lake.

The primary purpose of the Bhakra Dam is multi-faceted. It provides irrigation water to vast agricultural lands in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, fueling the agrarian economy of the region. Additionally, it generates hydroelectric power, contributing significantly to India’s energy needs. The power generated from the Bhakra-Nangal complex has been instrumental in electrifying industries, cities, and villages across northern India, catalyzing economic development and improving the quality of life for millions.

The sheer scale of the Bhakra Dam is awe-inspiring. Rising to a height of 226 meters (740 feet) and stretching over 520 meters (1,700 feet) in length, it ranks among the tallest and longest dams in the world. The reservoir it creates has a capacity of over 9 billion cubic meters, making it a lifeline for millions of people and an invaluable asset for the nation.

However, beyond its utilitarian functions, the Bhakra Dam holds a deeper significance for India. It symbolizes the triumph of human endeavor over nature’s forces, as well as the country’s commitment to progress through scientific and technological advancement. The successful completion of such a monumental project stands as a testament to the collaborative efforts of engineers, laborers, and visionaries who dared to dream big and transform aspirations into reality.

Moreover, the Bhakra Dam has become a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors from far and wide who come to marvel at its grandeur and learn about its historical significance. The surrounding landscape, with its picturesque hills and serene waters, offers a tranquil retreat for nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike.

Despite its age, the Bhakra Dam continues to play a vital role in India’s socio-economic landscape. Its reservoir acts as a buffer against droughts, ensuring water security for agriculture and drinking purposes. The hydroelectric power it generates remains a reliable source of clean energy, contributing to India’s efforts towards sustainable development and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

In conclusion, the Bhakra Dam stands as a towering monument of progress, a testament to India’s ability to conquer formidable challenges and harness its natural resources for the greater good. Its legacy as a symbol of engineering excellence and national pride endures, inspiring future generations to reach for even greater heights in the pursuit of prosperity and development.

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Science News by AGU

Siltation Threatens Historic North Indian Dam

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When it opened in 1963, Bhakra Dam was called a “new temple of resurgent India” by Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister. Today the dam is threatened as its reservoir rapidly fills with silt.

Much to the worry of hydrologists monitoring the situation, the reservoir—Gobind Sagar Lake—has a rapidly growing sediment delta that, once it reaches the dam, will adversely affect power generation and water deliveries.

Bhakra Dam stands 226 meters tall and stretches 518 meters long, making it one of the largest dams in India. Electricity generated by the dam supports the states of Himachal Pradesh (where the dam is located), Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, and the union territories of Chandigarh and Delhi. The reservoir supplies these areas with water for drinking, hygiene, industry, and irrigation. Loss of reservoir capacity as a result of sedimentation could thus have severe consequences for the region’s water management system and power grid.

A Leopard’s Leap to a Green Revolution

In 1908, British civil services officer Sir Louis Dane claimed to have witnessed a leopard leaping from one end of a gorge on the Sutlej River to the other. “Here’s a site made by God for storage,” he wrote. Little happened, however, until 40 years later, when Nehru took up the proposal as one of the first large infrastructure projects in India after independence.

“Before the canal brought water to our area, we were poor [and] used to live [lives] of nomads, in the sand dunes. Now we grow a variety of crops…and we are referred [to] as affluent farmers.”

Bhakra Dam’s waters quickly catalyzed the nation’s green revolution of increased agricultural production. In the early 1960s, for instance, 220,000 hectares of rice were under paddy cultivation in Punjab. Within 10 years, that number increased to 1.18 million, which doubled by 1990. Today Punjab contributes up to 50% of India’s rice supply .

Parminder Singh Dhanju, a rural resident of Rajasthan whose village is about 565 kilometers from Bhakra Dam, has a farm fed by canals originating from the reservoir. “The water availability has changed the lives of us villagers,” he said. “Before the canal brought water to our area, we were poor [and] used to live [lives] of nomads, in the sand dunes. Now we grow a variety of crops such as wheat, rice, cotton, and citrus fruits (oranges and kinnows ), and we are referred [to] as affluent farmers.”

The Saga of Silt

According to investigations led by D. K. Sharma , former chairman of the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB, the power company responsible for the dam), nearly a quarter of Gobind Sagar Lake has filled with silt. The sedimentation flows from the lake’s catchment areas, which are spread over 36,000 square kilometers in the Himalayas.

“The storage of the reservoir is 9.27 billion cubic meters, out of which 2.13 billion cubic meters are filled with silt, which is an alarming situation,” explained Sharma. He said the studies related to silt pileup are carried out every 2 years.

Sharma and other BBMB engineers submitted a report last year on siltation at Bhakra Dam. In it, Sharma said the dam was projected to be an effective reservoir for at least 100 years. However, he explained, the silt buildup will likely shorten that time frame. “It depends on the amount of silt in the reservoir,” he said. “The increase in siltation will hasten the process of turning the dam into a dead project, making the canal system downstream vulnerable to deposition of silt and floods.”

The Way Out

To combat siltation, Sharma suggested extensive reforestation in the reservoir’s catchment area. “The partner states of BBMB—Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh—need to plan forestation to bind the loose soil,” he said.

“If we can reduce silt inflows by 10%, the dam’s life can be extended by 15–20 years,” he added.

“We need to act fast and engage local population and NGOs to carry out plantation, before it’s too late.”

BBMB joint secretary Anurag Goyal heads the reforestation project around the dam. He said that in 2019, 600,000 saplings were planted over the reservoir’s catchment area. “We have resumed plantation that was temporarily halted in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic.”

Other suggestions to prevent or mitigate siltation include dredging the reservoir, although Goyal dismisses that idea as cost prohibitive. Goyal agreed with Sharma that reforestation or other mitigation projects must include local governments. “Reforestation over [such a] vast area needs a road map and the involvement of the north Indian states…. We need to act fast and engage local population and NGOs to carry out plantation, before it’s too late.”

—Gurpreet Singh ( @JournoGurpreet ), Science Writer

Singh, G. (2021), Siltation threatens historic north Indian dam, Eos, 102 , https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EO159370 . Published on 09 June 2021.

Text © 2021. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

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BHAKRA DAM: All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (with Photos)