birth tourism portugal

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Birth Tourism: 31 Countries Giving Birthright Citizenship

Last updated October 28, 2020

Dateline: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

If you have spent any time on our blog, you probably already know that there are a number of ways to get a second passport , depending on how badly you want one.

We recently discussed 13 citizenships you could get rather easily by using one of the oldest tricks in the book: marrying a foreigner .

However, obtaining second citizenship for your children and future generations is just as important – if not more so. 

For years, surveys such as The Best Places to Be Born , the Better Life Index , the Human Development Report , and many Quality o f Life Indices have chronicled where children are likely to have it best.

I recently discussed this in my article on tips for parents-to-be , suggesting that parents who apply our principles of international diversification practice something called “ birth tourism .”

If you live in the United States, you have probably heard the term “anchor baby” – when a non-citizen gives birth to a child in a country with birthright citizenship to gain residence and citizenship advantages – positioned in a bad light. However, there is nothing stopping you from using the same principle to give your kids a head start in other countries around the world.

Parents have a unique opportunity to choose the best country to give birth in. It’s an opportunity even western citizens should consider since even the “first world” United Kingdom failed to crack the top 20 places in which to give birth, falling behind the likes of Montenegro and Lithuania . The study concluded that children born in Britain suffer higher infant mortality rates than many emerging countries.

So, how can you take advantage of the quality of life in other countries to give your child a better future by securing them a second passport just by being born? In this article, we’ll tell you how and where you can take advantage of birthright citizenship to do just that, and maybe even earn a second passport for yourself in the process.

How Does Birth Tourism Work?

When it comes to determining a child’s citizenship at birth, countries usually apply one of two rights: jus soli (right of soil) or jus sanguinis (right of blood).  Jus soli grants citizenship merely on the basis of being born “on the soil” of the country in question.  Jus sanguinis determines the child’s citizenship based on the parents’ nationality.

Birth tourism is simple: give birth in a country that grants citizenship based on  jus soli and provides benefits to all children born there. This will not only give your child a better qualify of life but also entitle them to a second passport immediately from birth. In many cases, parents of such children enjoy a faster naturalization timeline as well.

The process of “ jus soli ” is generally available to anyone who has a child within the territory of a country with birthright citizenship, even if they are a temporary resident or an illegal alien. The only people whose children do not qualify for instant citizenship are diplomats.

These countries offer what is called “ absolute jus soli ,” meaning that the biggest hurdle you’ll face in some countries is having to register your bundle of joy with the local authorities to secure their passport.

The United States and Canada are the only “first world countries” that offer unconditional citizenship to children born in the territory, although there are plenty of other excellent places that I would actually prefer to live in that offer this as well.

Here in Asia, Mainland Chinese parents often seek to give birth in Hong Kong to obtain the “right of abode” for their children. (Hong Kongers are Chinese citizens, but with special privileges to reside in Hong Kong.)

Of course, we know that the United States offers birthright citizenship for the same reasons that ancient Rome did: to increase the number of US tax-payers needed to pay off the country’s catastrophic debts.

Giving birth to a child in the United States is setting them up for a lifetime of taxes which they can’t even get out of without renouncing their citizenship. That means even opening a bank account for their college savings will require you to file paperwork with the US government.

What Countries Offer Birthright Citizenship?

For those who want to bestow their child with a second citizenship outside of the highly taxed western world, there are a number of places that offer “jus soli” or birthright of the soil.

Any child born within that country’s territory becomes a citizen at birth, and there are dozens of countries whose laws allow the practice. So, which countries automatically give a passport and citizenship to children born there, regardless of the nationality of the child’s parents?

Almost two decades ago, Ireland amended its constitution to end their practice as the last European country offering unconditional citizenship rights to children born to two foreign parents. Malta had amended theirs earlier, too. Other countries, such as Australia , have similarly tightened their laws.

But when you follow the birth tourism blueprint, you can forget about dual citizenship and give your child multiple citizenships .

Here is the full list of the best countries in which to give birth when seeking birth tourism options, excluding countries where a ban on the practice is currently underway.

• El Salvador
• St. Kitts and Nevis
• St. Vincent and the Grenadines
• Trinidad and Tobago
• United States

*For a child to become a Chilean citizen at birth, their parents must already have a temporary or permanent residence in Chile at the time of their birth.

**As of September 2020, Portugal is just a few formalities away from expanding its jus soli laws granting birthright citizenship to children born on Portuguese soil. Currently, children born in Portugal to foreign nationals can obtain citizenship at birth if at least one parent has been a resident for two years or more. The new law would reduce that timeline to one year. 

This is an especially attractive change for Golden Visa investors in Portugal as they will now have the opportunity to bestow Portuguese citizenship on their children after just one year of residence.

The Best Birth Tourism Countries

Out of that list are a few gems…

Panama, Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina are particularly noted for their quality medical care , including for world-class facilities that make giving birth there not only easy but much cheaper than any country in the West.

Two of the countries — Dominica and St. Kitts and Nevis — sell economic citizenships for six-figure price tags and even charge for your children to receive a passport, as well. Other countries that used to offer citizenship by investment programs, such as Belize, are also attractive birth tourism options.

Similar to how US persons complain of illegal immigrants getting access to welfare benefits for their US citizen child, several countries on this list offer the ability to fast track your own naturalization as the parent of a local child.

In Brazil, the wait is only one year, prompting my friend Neil Strauss to suggest “knocking up a Brazilian girl” in his book Emergency . But in all seriousness, even foreigners on tourist visas can give birth on Brazilian soil, earning their child immediate Brazilian citizenship and a one-year timeline to their own naturalization. You can learn more about Brazil’s birthright citizenship laws here .

Most other countries will fast track the parents’ naturalization so that you will be able to get citizenship in two to seven years. 

And surprisingly, some of these countries offer remarkably good passports . Holders of passports from Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico , Panama , St. Kitts and Nevis, Uruguay , and Venezuela enjoy visa-free travel to all of Central and South America as well Europe’s borderless Schengen Area and almost every country in Europe.

Some even offer travel privileges to countries that westerners do not have visa-free access to, like Russia.

Guatemala passport holders enjoy all of these privileges save the right to travel to Mexico. Nicaragua citizens enjoy Schengen area access, but more limited options within the Americas. And even some of the lesser passports here allow for visa-free travel of some sort to the UK, Ireland, Malaysia, and Singapore.

For someone interested in raising their family in the world’s emerging markets, the Peruvian passport allows for more visa-free travel to Southeast Asia and South American countries than most “first world” passports.

Outside of Canada and Chile , none of these citizenships will allow your child to visit the United States visa-free. But if you’re reading this, you might actually view that as an added benefit rather than a detriment.

Keeping your child in a growing, more laissez-faire environment is the best way to make the most of his or her birth tourism citizenship.

Be careful that you have the most up-to-date information before giving birth overseas, as a number of countries have ended their policy of giving citizenship based on birthplace; these include Australia, most recently, as well as New Zealand, Ireland, France, Malta, the Dominican Republic (which led to tens of thousands of deportations ), and India.

Of course, only you can determine how far you want to take the second citizenship and birth tourism game in an effort to bestow as many nationalities on your children as possible.

And if you happen to be pregnant now, you could always book your hospital stay and join us for one of our upcoming events on the beach.

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What is Birth Tourism?

In the globalized era, we often hear about “birth tourism,” but what is birth tourism, exactly?

Birth tourism refers to the practice of traveling to a foreign country with the intention of delivering a child there.

This is done so the newborn acquire citizenship or residency rights in the country of birth, a process often motivated by a myriad of reasons that we will unravel in this article.

The prevalence of birth tourism globally is surprisingly high, making it a topic of great intrigue and discussion.

The History and Emergence of Birth Tourism

The reasons behind birth tourism, united states, the legal and ethical implications of birth tourism, the impact of birth tourism on host countries, the impact of birth tourism on home countries, case studies, the future of birth tourism, wrapping up.

In the broadest sense, birth tourism is the practice of traveling to another country with the express purpose of giving birth there.

This act is motivated by the automatic right of citizenship or permanent residency that some countries confer upon anyone born within their borders, a policy known as jus soli or right of the soil.

Birth tourists are typically parents-to-be who desire a better life for their unborn children.

By securing birth in a foreign country, they aim to provide their children with the advantages of dual citizenship, which might include access to superior healthcare, education, job opportunities, and a potentially more stable political environment.

Delving into history, birth tourism seems to be a relatively modern occurrence born out of the mobility allowed by globalization.

Its popularity surged with the advent of affordable and accessible international travel.

Predominantly, nations like the United States, Canada, and several European countries have seen a significant influx of birth tourists, largely due to their attractive birthright citizenship laws.

So, why do people pursue birth tourism? Simply put, the pursuit of a better life and future prospects is a significant factor.

Some parents believe that securing dual citizenship for their child can open doors to superior healthcare, education, and job opportunities.

Let’s consider the story of a Chinese couple, the Lius, who decided to travel to the US for the birth of their child.

For them, this decision was driven by the desire to secure an American passport for their child, enabling him access to a wide range of opportunities.

Popular Destinations for Birth Tourism

We have listed down 5 of the most popular destinations for birth tourism.

The United States is a prominent destination for birth tourism, mainly owing to its birthright citizenship policy, which promises an American passport to every child born within its borders.

Popular states for birth tourism include California and Florida, recognized for their world-class healthcare facilities and favorable weather.

Services catered specifically to birth tourists, such as ‘maternity hotels’, offer comprehensive packages that handle medical appointments and even sightseeing, making the journey for expecting parents more comfortable and hassle-free.

Canada is another sought-after destination for birth tourism.

The country offers automatic citizenship to children born on Canadian soil.

This, combined with Canada’s reputation for high-quality healthcare and a robust social welfare system, makes it an attractive option for many.

Cities like Vancouver and Toronto, known for their multicultural environments, serve as popular hubs, offering comfort and community for birth tourists during their stay.

Ireland holds a unique position in Europe as one of the few countries in the region that still offer birthright citizenship.

This policy, coupled with the nation’s high living standards and excellent healthcare facilities, draws many birth tourists to its shores each year.

Portugal is another European nation that’s a popular choice for birth tourism.

The country offers a fast track to citizenship for children born to foreign parents who reside in Portugal.

This provision has been an attractive prospect for many birth tourists looking for added security and opportunity for their children.

Formerly, Hong Kong was a popular destination for Mainland Chinese parents due to its superior healthcare system and the opportunity to circumnavigate China’s one-child policy.

However, in 2013, the government clamped down on this trend due to the significant strain on resources it caused.

Birth tourism sparks a lively debate regarding its legal and ethical implications.

Many countries uphold jus soli, or the right to citizenship by birth, which inadvertently encourages birth tourism.

The United States, for instance, has a long-standing tradition of granting citizenship to anyone born on American soil, regardless of the parent’s nationality.

However, this policy has its detractors, who argue it can be exploited and creates a backdoor for immigration.

Ethically, the debate is even more complex. Some argue it is a legitimate use of global mobility.

In contrast, others maintain it amounts to citizenship shopping, undermining national sovereignty.

Balancing these concerns with maintaining openness and respect for international human rights proves to be a delicate act.

Turning our attention to host countries, one may wonder about the impact of birth tourism on these nations.

Economically, birth tourism can contribute significantly, as these tourists typically pay for healthcare services out-of-pocket, often at premium prices.

Yet, it also strains healthcare resources, potentially affecting the accessibility and quality of healthcare for local residents.

Additionally, there can be long-term implications as these ‘citizens by birth’ may later choose to return and claim benefits or services.

Conversely, home countries can experience a different set of implications.

A potential outcome could be a brain drain, with future generations opting to reside and contribute to their birth country instead.

Moreover, the social repercussions of families splitting across international borders cannot be overlooked.

For instance, children may grow up culturally disconnected from their home country.

Let’s glance at a couple of case studies from a global perspective.

In the United States, Florida has become a hotspot for Russian birth tourists, attracted by its sunny weather and proximity to the homeland.

In response, local hospitals have adapted, offering birth packages tailored to these tourists, indicating a flexible response to the trend.

In contrast, Hong Kong faced such a surge of birth tourists from Mainland China that it had to implement stringent restrictions in 2013 to protect its healthcare system, demonstrating a more defensive approach.

Forecasting the future of birth tourism is no simple task, given its dependency on evolving global dynamics and policies.

Global events like the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted international travel, affecting the trend.

In the future, countries may rethink their jus soli laws or impose stricter regulations on birth tourism.

Meanwhile, global inequalities will likely continue to fuel the desire for dual citizenship, keeping the practice alive.

In a nutshell, understanding what is birth tourism, opens a Pandora’s box of intricate issues related to law, ethics, and globalization.

It exists in the balance between the pursuit of better opportunities and the strain on resources.

Its future, albeit uncertain, remains a topic of immense interest.

It beckons nations worldwide to review their policies, not only for their benefit but also considering the global impact.

After all, in this interconnected world, the ripple effects of local decisions can extend far and wide, impacting the lives of individuals and the collective fate of nations.

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Portugal has one of the lowest birth rates in the EU, standing at 7.7% in 2021. The birth rate has been decreasing exponentially since the 1950s. The average age that a mother has her first child in Portugal is 29.9 years old, a number that has been rising. We can attribute this to an improvement in gender equality, access to contraception, as well as the sad reality that many Portuguese are not paid enough to raise a child.

The Portuguese are having fewer children and choosing to start a family later in life. Is Portugal still a good place to have a baby? Yes. Portugal has a strong public health care system which makes it essentially free to have a child (if you are a resident). The quality education system, public parks, and sunny weather make Portugal one of the best countries in Europe to start a family. The Portuguese government is also planning to implement measures to fight the decline in the birth rate. Along with free childcare, the government will provide fiscal deductions for families with children, as well as free textbooks and free computers.

This guide to having a child in Portugal will help you with everything you need to know about the process as an international.

Pregnancy & Prenatal Care in Portugal: What’s it like to be pregnant in Portugal?

Being pregnant in a country where you are granted basic rights and protections fosters a positive experience. Pregnant women have health and employment rights in Portugal, many that are inexistent in the US and UK, unfortunately.

Under the public health care system, you will have certain free pre-natal care rights. Both Portuguese and foreigner pregnant women hold the same rights if they reside in Portugal for more than 90 days. You will have the right to free consultation all throughout the pregnancy, as well as 60 days after birth.

To be able to access public prenatal services, you must first register with a health center. You will have tests, examinations and ultrasounds carried out by your general doctor or local health care center. Keep in mind that some medical staff do not speak English fluently, so either commit to learning Portuguese or bring someone who speaks the language with you.

When you find out you’re pregnant, book your first prenatal appointment as soon as possible, preferably before the first 12 weeks. You will then have an appointment every four to six weeks until the 30th week, every two to three weeks until the 36th week, and every one to two weeks until birth. At your first appointment, you will receive a pregnancy booklet where your progress and medical records will be recorded. Keep this with you throughout your pregnancy and bring it to the birth.

Pregnant people are also entitled to certain employment rights. To benefit from these, you must inform your employer that you are pregnant by presenting them with a medical certificate. You can obtain this medical certificate through your health care center. Make sure you put this in writing so that you have proof that you are a pregnant worker.

After putting this in writing, as a pregnant worker, you will be protected by the law. If your employer fires you, they must do so for “just cause”, known as justa causa in Portuguese. The case for dismissal must be submitted for evaluation with the Commission for Equality in Work and Employment. If this commission finds that someone was fired because the employer discriminated against them for being pregnant, the dismissal will be revoked. The pregnant person can even ask for financial compensation for injury.

Pregnant women also have the right to maternal leave, which we will discuss in detail further down. This does not just apply to after birth. Women have 120 days to take off while getting paid at 100%, of which 90 must be taken after birth. That means that pregnant women can take off 30 days before birth. However, they do not need to do this and can leave these 30 days for after the birth, if preferable.

Giving birth in Portugal

When you’re closer to your due date, your doctor will send you to a consultation at the hospital where you will be giving birth. You will go over your birth plan, such as what type of anaesthesia you would like or who will be present at the birth. Births in the public health care system usually occur during the 40th week. In Portugal, you will be offered a “natural” birth and a cesarian will only take place if necessary, with your consent. After the birth, you will stay at the hospital under care for 38 to 72 hours.

You can also choose to give birth through the private healthcare system, at your own cost. Here, you are more likely to get a cesarian, as well as be able to have a home birth with a private midwife. If an emergency occurs during delivery, you will still be covered for this through your public health cover. It’s also important to note that while private hospitals can provide you extra comfort such as your own private room, in case of emergency, it’s wise to stay close to a public hospital. Public hospitals have the qualified staff and specialized equipment necessary to tackle emergencies.

How much does it cost to have a baby in Portugal?

The cost of giving birth in Portugal can be zero, under the public health care system. However, if you choose to have a baby in the private sector, you will pay the price. Having a baby in a private hospital in Portugal can cost you between €2,900 and €6,000. If you have private insurance, it will help you cover these costs, many insurers paying for the entirety of the birth and hospital stay.

Registering a birth in Portugal

When you have a baby in Portugal, you MUST register the birth. This is free and mandatory. You can do this in person or online and either parent can do so, they do not need to be married. To do it in person, you need to go to a Civil Registry Office (Conservatoria do Registo Civil), within 20 days after the birth. Sometimes you can also access this service at the maternity ward of the hospital where you give birth. This is where you would also give the documents that could make your child eligible for citizenship which we will discuss further on.

Will my child get Portuguese citizenship?

If as a foreigner you have a baby in Portugal, your child might be eligible for Portuguese citizenship. The child will receive citizenship automatically if one of the parents was born in Portugal or if they don’t have any other nationality through their parents. They can also get automatic citizenship if at least one parent has lived in Portugal for five years at the time of birth. You must prove this when registering the birth of your child. Alternatively, a child can apply for citizenship if they have lived in the country for six years. However, they must take a Portuguese language test and not have been convicted of a crime with a sentence of over 3 years.

Postnatal care in Portugal

Mothers that give birth and reside in Portugal for more than 90 days have the right to free consultations up to 60 days after birth. A nurse will also come to check on you for free, a few days after you have left the hospital. Parents can also join postnatal classes to teach them how to take care of their newborn, as well as how to perform CPR on a baby. These classes happen in your health center, but are not always free. You can also pay for these in private institutions. You will also find several “cresces” (nurseries) and pre-schools in every major city in Portugal. These are good quality and affordable, unlike in many other European cities. However, if you are looking to place your child in an international pre-school, these are more expensive.

Child Vaccines in Portugal

Until your baby reaches 18 months, you will also need to vaccinate your child under the national vaccination program at regular intervals. The hepatitis B vaccine is usually the only one administered at birth. However, the vaccine against tuberculosis is also given to some kids. Although vaccines are not technically compulsory, there are two vaccines that are pretty much obligatory, diphtheria and tetanus shot. Without these, your child cannot enrol or take an exam in an educational establishment. You must make sure these are up to date as they grow. All the vaccines under the national vaccine program are free.

The national vaccine program protects against the following diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, Haemophilus influenza type b infection, hepatitis B, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, measles, mumps, rubella, and human papillomavirus infection.

Parental leave in Portugal

If you are employed in Portugal you have the right to parental leave, both men and women. Self-employed people are also eligible. In Portugal, you have initial and extended parental leave. With initial leave, a woman must take 90 days of her leave after childbirth and the remainder may be used before or after childbirth, totalling 120 days paid at 100%. Mothers MUST take at least six weeks off right after childbirth.

Fathers are entitled to 20 mandatory working days leave after birth where they get paid. The first five days can be taken right after birth and the other 15 must be taken within six weeks of the birth. The latter does not have to be taken consecutively.

After initial parental leave, parents can extend the leave to 180 days by adding three months, a period which is shared between the two parents at a rate of 83% of total pay. On the other hand, parents can also choose to extend the maternity leave alone to 150 days with no shared period at a rate of 80% total pay.

Unfortunately, most of the language used in the law refers to a “mother” and “father”. However, since 2019, the parliament officially stated that LGBT+ couples have parental leave rights. Two men and two women who have a baby (through adoption or biologically) will be paid for 120, 150 or 180 days, either at 100% or 80% depending on the amount of time.

Child benefits in Portugal

Along with parental leave, parents might be eligible for allowances from social security. The most common type of allowance is the Prenatal Family Allowance. There are other types of help such as an allowance for grandparents who need to leave work to take care of a baby.

Prenatal Family Allowance

If you are a pregnant woman in Portugal, you might be eligible for the prenatal family allowance. This allowance starts in the 13th week of pregnancy and lasts up to six months. However, you must receive less than a certain income to be eligible. The weekly amount varies according to income, but it’s usually between €96 and €148. The main requirements to be eligible are:

• the pregnant mother must reside in Portugal or having a status comparable to residence
• the pregnant mother must have reached the 13th week of pregnancy
• the entire household must not have an income equal or lower than the third income bracket
• the entire household must not have movable heritage such as bank accounts, investment funds, etc higher than 240 times the amount of the Social Support Indexation

Is surrogacy legal in Portugal?

Surrogacy has always been a controversial and still to this day, complicated topic in Portugal. Surrogacy was forbidden under Portuguese law for a while, and at times even criminalised. However, since August 2016, surrogacy has been allowed under certain scenarios that are quite restrictive. However, the law on surrogacy seems to be improving. In November of 2021, a law on surrogacy passed that says that surrogacy is legal. However, the pregnant woman must already be a mother. Moreover, the surrogacy contract must be approved by the National Council for Medically Assisted Procreation, which is a Portuguese body that oversees the process. The pregnant woman can keep the baby until it is registered, within 20 days of birth. Despite this law passing in parliament, regulations seem unclear. On the official government website, it says that “there is currently no legal framework regulating surrogacy in Portugal, so this practice is not lawful”.

Is gay adoption legal in Portugal?

In 2015, a majority of those in parliament voted to extend adoptions rights to same-sex couples. This had shockingly previously failed in 2012 and 2013. However, in 2015, the conservative President at the time, Cavaco Silva, vetoed the adoption rights bill. Luckily, the Portuguese parliament, particularly due to the left-wing parties, was able to overturn the presidential veto. This made Portugal the 24th country in the world to may gay adoption legal. Gay parents who adopt can request an adoption allowance, similar to parental leave. However, the adoptee must be under 15 years old.

Is Portugal a good place to raise children?

Portugal is a great place to raise children. Everywhere you’ll go, people will smile at your kids and be happy to be around them. They say that grandparents are the pillars of a family, but in Portugal, it is the children. There are so many activities in Portugal for kids from free parks, zoos, oceanariums, and more. The cost of living is also much lower than in other major European countries which is an important aspect to consider when it comes to children. From preschool to afterschool activities and healthcare, they tend to be expensive. Portugal offers affordable education and universal healthcare for kids, making it one of the best places to raise children. One of the safest countries in Europe, you won’t have to worry about your child like you would in a city like London. Portugal also has some of the best international schools in Europe, although these can be quite pricey (between €5,000 and €20,000 a year).

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“To be able to access public prenatal services, you must first register with a health center” good luck with that 🤣🤣🤣

The way it will work in reality: your health center isn’t accepting new patients. They will assign you an SNS number, but not a family doctor, and therefore you won’t have access to the public health system. You have 3 options: – Go fully private, if you can afford to – Every once in a while, pretend you have pain, go to the emergency of your local public maternity hospital, and wait there for a few hours until someone has time to check on you. It’s free, but no guarantees you’ll get to see a doctor. (In general, if you don’t have a family doctor, and can’t go to a private clinic, the ER is your only way into the public health system) – Find a gynaecologist who works in both a private and a public hospital (most do). Schedule check-ups in the private hospital. Ask to move check-ups for the last 2 months to the public hospital. Then give birth there. Especially if your health insurance covers the consultations, but not the delivery, this is the option you should pick.

The third option is what we did at the recommendation of Portugese friends who did the same. Our son is now 4 months old, and we still don’t have a family doctor. Which means we have to schedule the (legally required) monthly check-ups in private hospitals. The only thing the health center does is vaccinations, and weighing the baby (just putting him on a scale, and registering the weight in the computer. They don’t check anything else. Not even measure his height). For the vaccinations and the weighing appointments: there is a weekly rotation system with different health centers being responsible for patients without a family doctor. On Monday, you should figure out what health center it is for that week, and go there to make an appointment later that week (for vaccinations, or for weighing.) The health center tells us the weekly weighing is compulsory because the weight needs to be in their computer. But we gave up on it after the first month. We have our own infant scale at home.

Something else to be aware of, when raising children in Portugal: often, GP’s will refuse to attend to young children. They will refer you to a paediatrician in stead. During the day, it shouldn’t be a problem to find a paediatrician, but if you need a doctor at night, or on Sundays, not all private hospitals will have a paediatrician on duty in their ER. They will instead refer you to the nearest public paediatric hospital, where, depending on the judgement of the triage nurse, you might end up waiting the whole night.

Hi Dan, Thanks for the helpful comment. Keep in mind that a health center cannot deny you as a patient if you are a resident with a NIF, although at time, you are unlikely to get a family doctor, as you said. However, this still allows you to access the public health system and give birth in a public hospital and you have the right to choose any hospital in the country.

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Birth tourism industry: most popular countries

• August 5, 2022
• Citizenship

• Last modified: March 2, 2023

Article Breakdown

What is birthright citizenship.

Birthright citizenship is the practice of granting citizenship to children born in a country , even if their parents are not citizens. The concept is based on the Latin phrase jus soli , which means “right of the soil.”

Birthright citizenship is enshrined in the U.S. Constitution, and it is also practiced in many other places around the world. In most of the Americas, citizenship is automatic for newborns, while in other jurisdictions it may be granted through a formal process. In either case, birthright citizenship ensures that all children have a right to a nationality and the associated protections.

The United States and Canada are the only ones in the “first world” that provide unconditional citizenship to children born in the territory, but a quick search reveals that there are lots of other wonderful places to reside that do as well.

The birth tourism industry

The so called birth tourism industry is a booming business that caters to pregnant women who want to come to the United States or other nations to give birth there, for the primary purpose of obtaining citizenship based on jus soli for their child.

The industry provides everything from travel and accommodation services to guidance on how to obtain a birth certificate and passport for the baby. Birth tourists typically travel to countries with birthright citizenship laws, which grant nationality to babies born on their soil, regardless of the parents’ citizenship status. This is in contrast to most European nations, which only grant citizenship to those born to European citizens.

As a result, these passport seekers see coming to the United States as a way to ensure that their child will have US citizenship and all of the benefits that come with it, including access to education and healthcare. The birth tourism industry has come under scrutiny in recent years, with some critics accusing it of exploiting pregnant women and putting their health at risk. However, there is no evidence that birth tourism is harmful to either mother or child, and the industry continues to grow in popularity.

Is birth tourism a legitimate activity in the US?

Under the modified visa rules for the b nonimmigrant visa regulation, U.S. consular officers overseas will deny any B visa application from an applicant who the consular officer believes is traveling primarily for the intention of giving birth in the United States in order to obtain American citizenship for their newborn.

Visitor visas and tourist visas are not meant for expectant mothers who are coming to the US solely to give birth. However, it is not uncommon for pregnant women to try to enter the country on temporary visas. If they are caught, they can be denied entry and may even be banned from returning to the US in the future. Technically this is seen as visa fraud.

There have been a few high-profile cases of birth tourism involving Chinese citizens in recent years that would pay for a complete package including maternity hotels, which has brought more attention to the issue. In some cases, women have been arrested by officials and deported back to their home countries. Others have been able to give birth in the US without any problems, obtaining U.S. citizenship for their babies.

The issue of birth tourism is a complex one, and there is no easy solution. For now, expectant foreign nationals who are considering traveling to the US for the sole purpose of giving birth should be aware of the risks involved.

What about birth tourism in other countries?

Any child born on that country’s territories becomes a citizen at birth, and the practice is legal in dozens of places. So, which countries automatically issue a passport and citizenship to newborns there, regardless of their parents’ nationality?

Ireland revised its constitution nearly two decades ago to discontinue its habit of becoming the last European country to provide unconditional citizenship to children born to two foreign parents. Malta had already updated theirs as well to end jus soli for births on its soil altogether. Other places, such as Australia , have enacted similar legislation.

However, if you follow present birth tourism options, you can forego dual citizenship and provide your child with numerous citizenships.

Here is the complete list of the finest nations to give birth in if you are looking for birth tourism choices, excluding jurisdictions where the practice is currently prohibited or where nonimmigrant visa regulation makes it practically impossible.

*In order for a child to be born with the Chilean nationality, both parents must have a temporary or permanent residence in Chile at the time of the birth.

**As of September 2020, Portugal is just a few procedures away from expanding its jus soli laws , which award newborns on Portuguese soil birthright citizenship. Children born in Portugal to foreign nationals can currently become Portuguese citizens at birth provided at least one parent has lived in the country for two years or more. The proposed law would shorten that time frame to one year. This is an especially appealing change for Golden Visa investors in Portugal, as they will now be able to give their children Portuguese nationality after only one year of residency once the amended regulation comes into force.

What countries are good options for birth tourism?

This all depends on your current nationalities and which ones you will be able to pass on to your child next to the new citizenship obtained by being born in a birthright country. It also depends on if you need to request an additional visa just to visit the country (in those cases, an advanced pregnancy might be an issue).

Outside of Canada and Chile , none of these citizenships will grant your child visa-free access to the USA. However, since you’re reading this, you might see it as an advantage rather than a disadvantage.

For example, Dominica and St. Kitts and Nevis , charge six-figure fees for their CBI programs and even charge for your children to acquire a passport. Belize used to offer citizenship by investment programs, and is also an appealing birth tourism destination.

Panama , Brazil , Mexico , and Argentina are particularly well-known for their high-quality medical care, featuring world-class facilities that make giving birth not only easy but also significantly cheaper than in any other Western country.

Several nations on this list give the ability to fast track your own citizenship as the parent of a local child. Most other nations will expedite the naturalization of the parents, allowing you to obtain the same citizenship as your child in two to seven years.

Before taking any action, make sure you search for the most up-to-date information from foreign governments, as a number of them have decided to end birthright citizenship, including Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Malta , the Dominican Republic (which resulted in tens of thousands of deportations ), and India. In some places it might be harder to get medical treatment, depending on your insurance coverage.

What are some good passports to obtain via jus soli ?

Some even provide travel benefits to nations where westerners do not have visa-free entry, such as Russia (Brazil and Argentina, including a few others).

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• August 21, 2018

Preparing for Childbirth in Portugal

Martha b. crocker.

Shortly you’ll be giving birth. By now, you must have looked into what you need for the first days and weeks, you have a plan, and you feel ready. Or maybe you don’t feel ready…meaning you are realistic. We are never ready.

Preparations are something we make to provide ourselves with a false sense of readiness. I believe we should always know and have the essentials, but waste no time with the rest. So be practical. Learn the Heimlich maneuver and how to provide basic first aid.

If you are giving birth here in Portugal, I’ve got some practical tips. I’m by no means a professional, but I have been through it twice, so that’s something. Just remember that sooner than you think you will be eating raw cheese and drinking wine again.

“Que a tua hora seja curta.” (May your hour be short.)

PUBLIC TRANSPORT, THE SUPERMARKET, FINANÇAS, AND SEGURANÇA SOCIAL

Being pregnant is like being hungover for nine months without the drinking. You throw up at the most inconvenient times and there is no end to all the burping and farting. Every time you cough or sneeze you now pee in your pants. Uncomfortable, unsanitary, and certainly embarrassing. There is no possible romantic perspective, except when it comes to waiting.

Feel free to curse and insult everyone. Demand your seat on public transportation by staring at people who will not get up and sticking your belly in their faces. Use your belly to get ahead in lines. Do you have any business at the Finanças or Segurança Social? Now is the time to get it done! Do not be ashamed. Be rude, skip lines, fart and burp to your heart’s content. You’ve earned that priority pass.

HOSPITAL BAG ESSENTIALS: RABAÇAL CHEESE AND PAPER UNDIES

By now, you have probably been told that you need a bag and what to put in it at least 50 times. If you’ve learned anything, you will lie and say, “Oh what a wonderful idea, I am absolutely going to put that stuffed pony in my bag, of course!” Go online and get a checklist , they are all the same.

What you really need is:

Food:  It’s called labor because it’s a lot of heavy pushing rewarded by a tasteless, minuscule hospital meal — if you’re lucky. You need a proper meal suited to fully replenish you after the tremendous effort that is pushing a child larger than a Thanksgiving turkey into the world.

Mmm…turkey.

What I recommend is: Rabaçal cheese , a steak (pre-cooked and wrapped up in foil), and a generous dose of pudim abade de priscos . The Rabaçal cheese tastes nice, is very nutritious, and has an intensive smell of dirty feet that will be useful in canceling out all the other unpleasant smells surrounding you. Bring along some prunes as well to get your body working towards its first poo.

Microlax: No one ever talks about it, but your butt takes a beating. Be kind to your ass. Poo, but do it gently. At check-out time, the hospital will keep you and your child hostage until you poo. There is a very efficient laxative you stuff up there to make everything come out in two seconds with no pain: Microlax . The method is certainly not elegant, but it’s essential. You can get this at any farmácia.

Paper underwear:   Dirty undies and all the stuff glued to them is the kind of gory horror movie you don’t want to be confronted with. Pick up a pack of disposable undies at Continente or Jumbo for 3€. Now is not the time to try to be eco-friendly. Make up for your shame by investing in some reusable nappies for the little one.

Headphones and music:  In general, public hospitals will have you in a shared room, sometimes with more than three of you there at a time. Music can help you ignore your neighbors and/or endure the first hours of labor. It could set the mood for a little hip swaying to get the baby’s head into position. You will no longer use them once you evict your tenant because you will want to listen every minute, just to make sure the tiny monkey breathes.

Disinfectant: Something that does not burn, like betadine iodine. Going to the bathroom after giving birth requires disinfecting the entire damaged area between your legs each time you go. There’s no point in explaining why you don’t want to use alcohol down there.

GROOMING FOR CHILDBIRTH: EMBRACE YOUR INNER PORN STAR

Your child is meant to come out through the vaginal canal, which is supposed to stretch as much as required to allow the child to get out. Unfortunately, it doesn’t always stretch enough, so the doctors have to cut on one of the sides to allow more room for the child to pass, and then sew it back together.

For this purpose, you need to be completely shaved, like you are about to shoot porn. Your options are to shave it, get a Brazilian wax, or get a laser treatment done. If you are not ready, those not-so-nice ladies at the hospital will get you ready, and they aren’t exactly salon-trained. It’s best to avoid having people cut you. I recommend making an appointment at the  Clínica do Pêlo to have some areas permanently zapped while manicuring the inner area. Why not? There’s no reason to have hair in some places and one zap should take care of it. If you’d prefer a wax, most salons around town offer that service.

IF YOUR MANTRA IS “GIVE ME DRUGS!”

Hospitals are always a mess, but we do have free drugs and doctors. Well, doctors not always, but we have drugs. Focus on the one truly important thing, and repeat after me: “Give me drugs!” Again: “Give me drugs!” Yes, you got it right. Now, were you given drugs?

If not, scream. Say you are about to press criminal charges. If so, congratulations, at this point you no longer give a f**k.

Look at the 300-pound woman on the other side of the room. She brought 12 kids into the world and doesn’t give a shit about yoga, doulas, music, and is generally against taking baths. She may not smell nice but she knows how to get it done. You are in peace and feel no pain. Are the drugs wearing off? Starting to feel again? Ask for more. Demand more!

You are now dressed in an ugly, worn-out, backless smock and are having contractions, maybe your water broke, maybe not. You have not seen a doctor since the anesthesiologist came in. Most likely the doctor will not be there while you give birth.

Note: delivering during a major league soccer game or a classic like Benfica-Sporting is just plain reckless.

In any event, you are likely to give birth with a midwife and a cleaning lady (in case of poo). Breathing exercises are useful at this stage. Drugs are more useful.

Drugs will prevent you from feeling most of the pain of the actual birth, but you will still feel everything. The head will, in principle, be the first thing out. You will push hard. Then you will relax for a few seconds and push hard again. You will feel the shoulders, then the rest is easy. And there it is, your amazing monkey. There are no words to describe it, so let’s not try. Plus, you are not done yet. You need to get the placenta out.

Don’t eat it. It is disgusting and rude.

THE AFTERMATH

You are probably staring in awe at your child and it will take some time before you start to realize the extent of the damage done to your body. Your ass is destroyed. There is a strong possibility the force you used to expel your child made the bottom of your intestine protrude and you now have hemorrhoids. Talk to the doctor. There is no option other than to deal with it; get some medication and hemorrhoid cream.

Your ladyparts have likely been cut and now have fresh stitches and a bloody crust. You need to pee. Getting pee in your scar will burn and infect the entire thing. You do not want to pee, but you have to. Pee, wash, disinfect. In the process, you will have to touch and become aware of the damage you would rather not know about.

Worse is to come. You will eventually have to poo. You are required to poo. Of course, you do not want to poo. Remember you had a queijo Rabaçal, a steak, and a pudim abade de priscos, but you needed those. Do not bother to try to poo without microlax. You will be relieved to see that you are successful, the stitches do not break, and you are fine! Nice! Now wash and disinfect your ass.

You will be examined, the baby will be weighed and measured, and the nurses will teach you how to give the baby a bath and how to breastfeed. It is an interesting experience, although uncomfortable and without privacy. You will be alone most of the time (visiting hours are limited), your partner will not be able to be with you, and you want to go home.

If you are unlucky, an entire team of OBG interns will go through your private parts. It sucks, but just forget it: you are almost done. Finally, the baby is in the egg (a baby carrier required to leave the hospital whether you have a car or not) and ready for their first car ride. Your bag is ready, still smelling like queijo Rabaçal. The paperwork is signed and filled. You are now on your way home with a baby.

You arrive home, gather your monkey and the bag and focus on trying not to drop the monkey. You finally open the door and walk in. It is terrifying as f**k. There should be useful and wise advice at this point. There is none.

You are on your own, but now as a family.

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What Is Birth Tourism

Published: December 12, 2023

Modified: December 28, 2023

by Emalee Mcclanahan

Introduction

Traveling to new destinations can be an exciting and enriching experience. It allows people to immerse themselves in different cultures, explore breathtaking landscapes, and create unforgettable memories. However, there is a distinct form of travel that has gained attention in recent years—birth tourism. It refers to the practice of traveling to another country for the purpose of giving birth there and obtaining citizenship for the child.

Birth tourism has become a controversial topic, raising questions about legalities, ethical concerns, and the impact on both the host and home countries. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of birth tourism, exploring its definition, historical context, reasons behind its rise in popularity, legal issues involved, effects on countries, ethical considerations, challenges faced by birth tourists, and measures taken by countries to address this phenomenon.

The concept of birth tourism is not new and has been practiced for decades. However, with advancements in travel and communication, it has become more prevalent and accessible. People from different parts of the world are seeking opportunities to give birth to their children in countries that award them citizenship, granting them various benefits such as education, healthcare, and social security.

While birth tourism may seem like an attractive option for some parents-to-be, it has sparked debates due to its potential misuse and strain on the healthcare system and resources of host countries. Additionally, there are concerns about the ethics and fairness of obtaining citizenship solely based on where one is born.

In the following sections, we will explore the history of birth tourism, the reasons why individuals engage in it, the legal issues surrounding it, the impact it has on countries, the ethical considerations it raises, the challenges faced by birth tourists, and the measures taken by countries to address this phenomenon.

So, join us on this journey as we unravel the complexities of birth tourism and gain a deeper understanding of the implications it has on individuals and nations alike.

Definition of Birth Tourism

Birth tourism, also known as maternity tourism or pregnancy tourism, refers to the practice of traveling to another country specifically for the purpose of giving birth and obtaining citizenship for the child. It is a distinct form of tourism where expectant parents travel to a destination solely for the purpose of facilitating their child’s citizenship acquisition.

The concept of birth tourism is rooted in the legal principle of jus soli, or “right of the soil,” which grants automatic citizenship to individuals born within a country’s territorial limits, regardless of the nationality or immigration status of their parents. This principle varies across different countries, with some adhering strictly to jus soli and others having more restrictive citizenship laws.

Individuals who engage in birth tourism are often motivated by the desire to provide their child with the advantages and opportunities associated with citizenship in the host country. These advantages may include access to quality education, healthcare, social welfare programs, and potential employment opportunities in the future.

The popularity of birth tourism has increased in recent years due to various factors, including advancements in travel and communication, globalization, and increasing disparities in healthcare and educational opportunities in different countries. It has become more accessible for individuals from all corners of the world to explore the option of giving birth in a foreign country to secure citizenship for their child.

It is important to note that birth tourism is distinct from medical tourism, where individuals travel to other countries for medical procedures or specialized treatment.

Birth tourism has received both praise and criticism, with proponents arguing that it provides families with opportunities for a better future and contributes to cultural diversity, while opponents argue that it places a burden on host countries, strains their resources, and raises questions of fairness and ethics.

In the following sections, we will delve further into the historical context of birth tourism and explore the reasons why individuals opt for this practice.

History of Birth Tourism

The practice of birth tourism can be traced back through history, although its prevalence and accessibility have increased in recent years. The concept of granting automatic citizenship to individuals born on a country’s soil can be traced to the ancient Roman law of “jus soli,” which was adopted by many countries around the world.

In the United States, birthright citizenship has been a longstanding principle since the adoption of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution in 1868. The amendment states that “all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.” This constitutional guarantee has made the United States a popular destination for birth tourism.

Over the years, birth tourism has gained attention and attracted individuals from around the world seeking to secure U.S. citizenship for their children. The rise in popularity can be attributed to various factors, including increased affordability and ease of travel, globalization, and the desire for expanded opportunities for the next generation.

Other countries that practice birthright citizenship, such as Canada and some countries in South America, have also seen the emergence of birth tourism as a significant phenomenon. The allure of obtaining citizenship in these countries, with their favorable social benefits and high quality of life, has attracted individuals from various countries.

The rise of birth tourism has also been facilitated by advancements in technology and communication. The internet and social media platforms have made it easier for individuals to access information, connect with facilitators, and plan their birth tourism journeys. Online forums, blogs, and agencies offering specialized services in organizing birth tourism trips have become more prevalent, providing guidance and support to prospective birth tourists.

While birth tourism has existed for many years, its increased visibility and controversy have prompted countries to reevaluate their citizenship laws and policies. Some countries have implemented stricter regulations and measures to curb the practice, while others are exploring potential modifications to their citizenship laws.

In the following sections, we will explore the reasons behind the rise in popularity of birth tourism and the motivations of individuals choosing to engage in this practice.

Reasons for Engaging in Birth Tourism

There are a variety of reasons why individuals choose to engage in birth tourism, each driven by unique circumstances and motivations. Understanding these reasons helps shed light on the factors that attract people to this practice.

1. Citizenship: One of the primary motivations for birth tourism is obtaining citizenship for the child. By giving birth in a country that offers birthright citizenship, parents hope to provide their child with the advantages that come with citizenship, including access to education, healthcare, social services, and potential employment opportunities in the future. Citizenship in certain countries can also provide a sense of security and stability for the child and their family.

2. Educational Opportunities: Some parents engage in birth tourism to secure the opportunity for their child to receive an education in a country known for its high-quality educational system. Countries like the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have renowned universities and educational institutions, making them attractive destinations for families seeking to give their child a head start in their academic journey.

3. Healthcare: Access to quality healthcare is another motivating factor for birth tourists. Countries with advanced healthcare systems and excellent medical facilities are often preferred for giving birth, as parents seek the assurance of comprehensive medical care during pregnancy and delivery. This concern for the health and wellbeing of both the child and mother drives many families to consider birth tourism.

4. Economic Opportunities: Birth tourism can also be driven by the hope of providing better economic opportunities for the child in the future. For some parents, giving their child citizenship in a prosperous country opens up possibilities for better job prospects, higher wages, and improved living standards down the line.

5. Political and Social Stability: In regions or countries with political instability or social unrest, birth tourism becomes a means of ensuring a safe and secure environment for the child. By securing citizenship in a more stable nation, parents are often seeking a better future and enhanced protection for their offspring.

6. Personal Reasons: Lastly, birth tourism may also be influenced by personal reasons such as a desire for freedom, cultural preferences, or the influence of friends and family who have engaged in birth tourism themselves. Some parents simply wish to have the flexibility to travel or reside in different countries without restrictions or limitations.

It is important to note that while these reasons serve as driving factors, not all birth tourists share the same motivations. Each individual or family has their own unique circumstances and aspirations that shape their decision to engage in birth tourism.

In the next section, we will delve into the legal issues surrounding birth tourism and the complex legal landscape it entails.

Legal Issues Surrounding Birth Tourism

The practice of birth tourism raises various legal issues and challenges for both the host and home countries involved. The legality of birth tourism depends on the specific laws and regulations of each country. Here, we will explore some of the key legal considerations surrounding birth tourism.

1. Citizenship Laws: The interpretation and application of citizenship laws differ among countries. Some nations strictly adhere to jus soli, granting automatic citizenship to anyone born on their soil, regardless of the parents’ nationality or immigration status. Other countries have more restrictive citizenship laws, requiring at least one parent to be a citizen or legal resident for the child to acquire citizenship. These differences in citizenship laws create variations in the legality and acceptance of birth tourism among different countries.

2. Visa Regulations: The legality of birth tourism often depends on the type of visa or travel documentation used by the expectant parents. In some cases, obtaining a tourist visa for the purpose of giving birth may violate the terms and conditions of the visa. Countries may have specific visa requirements or restrictions to prevent abuse of the system for birth tourism purposes.

3. Medical Fees and Insurance: Birth tourism often involves delivering a child in a foreign country’s healthcare system. The expectant parents may face challenges related to medical fees and insurance coverage, as healthcare costs can be significantly higher for non-residents. Furthermore, depending on the country, health insurance providers may have specific policies regarding coverage for birth tourism-related expenses.

4. Immigration Laws: Immigration laws play a crucial role in birth tourism. The immigration status of parents and the child after birth can have significant implications on their rights, privileges, and ability to remain in the host country. In some cases, parents may seek to use birth tourism as a means to obtain legal residency or a pathway to citizenship for themselves.

5. Dual Citizenship: Birth tourism may result in the child having dual citizenship, holding citizenship in both the home and host countries. Dual citizenship may bring benefits, such as access to services and rights in both countries, but it can also lead to complexities in terms of legal obligations, taxation, and the potential requirement to choose one citizenship over the other in the future.

6. Controversies and Legal Challenges: The legality and acceptance of birth tourism are subject to ongoing debates and legal challenges. Some countries have faced legal battles centered around birth tourism, leading to changes in legislation or stricter enforcement of existing laws.

It is essential for those considering birth tourism to thoroughly research and understand the legal implications of their chosen destination. They should consult with legal experts to navigate the complexities of immigration and citizenship laws in both the home and host countries.

Next, we will explore the impact of birth tourism on the host countries and the ethical considerations associated with this practice.

Impact of Birth Tourism on Countries

Birth tourism can have significant impacts on both the host countries, where birth tourists travel to give birth, and the home countries of the birth tourists. These impacts encompass various aspects, including economic, social, and demographic considerations.

1. Economic Impact: Birth tourism can contribute to the economy of the host country. Birth tourists often spend money on accommodation, medical services, transportation, and other expenses during their stay. This expenditure can boost local businesses and create jobs in the tourism and healthcare sectors. However, there are also costs associated with the provision of healthcare and social services to birth tourists, which may strain public resources.

2. Demographic and Population Changes: Birth tourism can lead to demographic shifts and population changes in host countries. An influx of birth tourists and their children can affect the composition and diversity of the local population. It may impact the balance between native-born citizens and foreign-born residents, potentially creating both cultural and societal shifts.

3. Strain on Infrastructure and Resources: The presence of birth tourists can place strain on the infrastructure and resources of host countries. Hospitals may need to accommodate an increased number of patients, impacting the availability and quality of healthcare for both birth tourists and local residents. Educational institutions may face challenges in providing places for the increased number of school-age children born to birth tourists.

4. Social and Cultural Implications: Birth tourism can also have social and cultural implications. It may lead to the formation of communities or enclaves consisting of birth tourists from the same or similar countries, potentially resulting in social isolation or segregation. This can influence local dynamics and may have a broader impact on social integration and cohesion.

5. National Security Concerns: Birth tourism raises national security concerns for some countries. The ability to obtain citizenship based solely on birthplace can potentially be exploited by individuals with malicious intentions. This raises questions of screening processes and the potential for abuse of citizenship privileges.

6. Policy and Legislative Changes: The impact of birth tourism has prompted many countries to reconsider their policies and legislation. Some countries have implemented stricter regulations or introduced measures to discourage birth tourism, such as denying automatic citizenship based on jus soli or imposing additional restrictions on tourist visas for pregnant women.

It is important for host countries to carefully consider the balance between attracting tourism and managing the potential strain on resources and infrastructure. They must also address concerns related to the fairness and integrity of their citizenship and immigration systems.

In the next section, we will explore the ethical considerations surrounding birth tourism.

Ethical Considerations of Birth Tourism

Birth tourism raises a range of ethical considerations that revolve around fairness, equity, and the implications for both the individuals involved and the broader society. These ethical considerations often fuel debates and discussions surrounding the practice.

1. Equality and Fairness: Critics argue that birth tourism violates principles of fairness and equality. Providing citizenship solely based on place of birth can be seen as arbitrary, as it allows individuals to acquire privileges and benefits without personal merit or contribution to the host country. This raises questions about whether birthright citizenship should continue to be granted, or if it should be based on factors such as the citizenship or legal status of the parents.

2. Social and Economic Justice: Birth tourism can exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. It allows individuals with financial means to access opportunities and benefits in another country that may be inaccessible to others. This creates a disparity in the distribution of resources and opportunities, potentially widening the gap between the privileged and the disadvantaged.

3. Exploitation of Systems: Some argue that birth tourism exploits social systems and resources in host countries. The practice may strain healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and social welfare programs, potentially diverting resources away from local residents. This raises concerns about the fairness of birth tourists benefiting from systems designed to cater to the needs of citizens and residents.

4. National Identity and Integration: Birth tourism can impact national identity and integration. The creation of communities or enclaves composed primarily of birth tourists from the same or similar backgrounds may pose challenges for social integration and cultural cohesion. It raises questions about how to promote a sense of belonging and shared national identity.

5. Medical Ethics: Medical ethics come into play when healthcare providers are faced with the ethical dilemma of providing care to birth tourists. Healthcare professionals must navigate the balance between providing necessary medical attention while ensuring that resources are not excessively utilized or strained to the detriment of local patients.

6. Environmental Impact: Birth tourism can have environmental implications. Increased travel and the carbon footprint associated with birth tourism can contribute to climate change and environmental degradation. This raises ethical concerns regarding sustainability and the responsibility to minimize individual and collective impacts on the environment.

It is essential to engage in thoughtful discussions and consider these ethical considerations when evaluating the practice of birth tourism. Striking a balance between individual interests and the broader societal impact is critical for developing fair and equitable policies.

In the next section, we will explore the challenges faced by birth tourists.

Challenges Faced by Birth Tourists

Engaging in birth tourism presents a unique set of challenges and obstacles for those who choose to pursue this practice. These challenges can affect various aspects of the birth tourism journey and require careful consideration by prospective birth tourists.

1. Financial Considerations: Birth tourism can be financially demanding. The costs involved in travel, accommodation, medical expenses, legal fees, and other related expenses can be significant. Birth tourists must carefully plan and budget for these costs, taking into account potential unforeseen expenses that may arise during their stay in the host country.

2. Legal Complexities: Birth tourism involves navigating complex legal frameworks and regulations. Understanding and complying with visa requirements, immigration laws, and documentation procedures can be challenging. Birth tourists may need to seek legal advice to ensure compliance with the host country’s laws and to protect their rights and the rights of their child.

3. Language and Cultural Barriers: Being in a foreign country can present language and cultural barriers for birth tourists, which can impact their overall experience. Communication with healthcare providers, understanding medical procedures, and interacting with local residents can be difficult without adequate language skills or cultural knowledge.

4. Healthcare Access and Quality: Access to healthcare and the quality of medical services in the host country can be a potential challenge. Birth tourists need to research and ensure that they have access to appropriate medical facilities and healthcare providers during pregnancy and childbirth. They may encounter differences in healthcare systems, practices, and standards compared to their home country.

5. Support Network: Being far away from their home country, birth tourists may face a lack of social support. They may experience feelings of isolation and loneliness during their stay, especially without the presence of friends and family members to provide emotional support during an important life event like childbirth.

6. Cultural Adaptation: Adjusting to a new culture while preparing for childbirth can be both exciting and overwhelming. Birth tourists may find themselves navigating unfamiliar social norms, customs, and healthcare practices. Cultural differences in approaches to pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care can require flexibility and adaptation.

7. Return to Home Country: After giving birth in the host country, birth tourists may face challenges when returning to their home country with their child. They may need to navigate immigration procedures, obtain necessary documentation for the child, and comply with any legal requirements or regulations imposed by their home country regarding children born abroad.

It is important for birth tourists to be aware of these challenges and to carefully consider the implications before embarking on a birth tourism journey. Seeking support from professionals and conducting thorough research can help mitigate potential difficulties and enhance the overall birth tourism experience.

In the next section, we will explore the measures taken by countries to address the phenomenon of birth tourism.

Measures Taken by Countries to Address Birth Tourism

Birth tourism has prompted various countries to take action and implement measures to address the practice due to its legal, social, and economic implications. Here, we will explore some of the measures taken by countries to regulate or manage birth tourism.

1. Stricter Visa Requirements: Some countries have sought to address the issue of birth tourism by implementing stricter visa requirements for pregnant women. These requirements may include additional documentation or proof of purpose of visit to prevent abuse of tourist visas for the purpose of giving birth.

2. Legislative Changes: In response to concerns about birth tourism, legislative changes have been proposed or enacted in some countries. These changes may modify citizenship laws, imposing stricter criteria for automatic citizenship or removing birthright citizenship altogether.

3. Increased Immigration Scrutiny: Countries have increased scrutiny at immigration checkpoints and border control to identify and prevent potential birth tourists entering the country for the specific purpose of giving birth. Enhanced screening measures aim to detect and deter those who may be attempting to manipulate or exploit the system for birth tourism.

4. Healthcare Regulations: Some countries have implemented healthcare regulations specific to birth tourism, such as introducing limitations on healthcare coverage for non-residents or enforcing stricter requirements for obtaining medical services related to childbirth. These regulations aim to manage the strain on healthcare resources and ensure fair access for both birth tourists and local residents.

5. Public Awareness Campaigns: Governments have launched public awareness campaigns to educate the public about the legal and ethical considerations surrounding birth tourism. These campaigns aim to educate individuals about the consequences, legal obligations, and potential risks associated with birth tourism, discouraging the practice through informative messaging.

6. Collaboration with Tourism Operators: In countries heavily affected by birth tourism, collaborations with tourism operators and service providers have been established. These collaborations aim to monitor and regulate the activities of birth tourism agencies, ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards to prevent the exploitation of the system for birth tourism purposes.

7. Legal Consequences for Fraudulent Practices: Countries have implemented legal consequences for individuals or agencies found engaging in fraudulent or illegal practices related to birth tourism. Penalties may include fines, imprisonment, or other legal actions to deter and punish those involved in unlawful activities associated with birth tourism.

It is important to note that the measures taken by countries vary, and their effectiveness in addressing birth tourism is still a subject of debate and ongoing evaluation. Balancing the regulation of birth tourism while maintaining fairness, human rights, and international obligations remains a complex issue.

In the next section, we will provide a concluding summary of the key points discussed in this article.

Birth tourism is a practice that has gained attention and sparked debates in recent years. This article has explored various aspects of birth tourism, including its definition, historical context, reasons for engagement, legal issues, impact on countries, ethical considerations, challenges faced by birth tourists, and measures taken by countries to address the phenomenon.

Birth tourism provides individuals with the opportunity to secure citizenship and access various benefits in a host country. However, it also raises concerns about fairness, equality, and the strain it may place on resources and infrastructure.

The legality of birth tourism varies across countries, and some nations have implemented measures to regulate or manage the practice. Stricter visa requirements, legislative changes, increased scrutiny, healthcare regulations, public awareness campaigns, collaborations with tourism operators, and legal consequences for fraudulent practices are some of the measures taken by countries to address birth tourism.

On an ethical level, birth tourism prompts discussions about fairness, social justice, national identity, and the exploitation of systems. The challenges faced by birth tourists include financial considerations, legal complexities, language barriers, healthcare access, support networks, cultural adaptation, and the return to their home country with their child.

While countries have taken steps to regulate birth tourism, finding a balance between managing the practice and protecting individual rights remains a challenge. Striking a balance requires careful consideration of the economic, social, and ethical implications, as well as collaboration between governments, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders.

In conclusion, birth tourism is a complex phenomenon with multifaceted impacts and considerations. Understanding the legal, social, and ethical aspects surrounding birth tourism is crucial for informed discussions and decision-making regarding the practice. As the world continues to evolve and address new challenges, the conversation around birth tourism will continue to evolve as well.

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Birth Tourism: Benefits of Giving Birth Abroad & Birthright Citizenships

“I guess your kids won’t be US presidents” is what I often hear from people when they find out that neither of my children was born in the US. I usually smile, because surely they won’t be the next president, but instead, they’ll get a lot more benefits in their adult lives than American kids born in the US.

There are a number of ways to get second citizenship and passport: marriage, investment, or years of waiting. However, many forget about an easy one: having a baby in a foreign country.

Parents have a unique opportunity to choose the best country to give birth and give a child another passport. In fact, some countries will even grant the parents (or even grandparents) citizenship as well.

l’ll tell you how and where you can take advantage of birthright citizenship. In fact, I have first-hand experience doing it myself 🙂

Which Countries Have a Birthright?

When it comes to determining a child’s citizenship at birth, countries usually apply one of two rights:  jus soli or  jus sanguinis . 

Jus soli , also known as birthright, grants citizenship merely on the basis of being born “on the soil” of the country in question. There are obviously special circumstances like Armed Forces territories, Embassy grounds, or no man’s lands, but the rule is fairly simple.

Jus sanguinis  determines the child’s citizenship based on the parents’ nationality. Not all nationalities can be transmitted to children easily or automatically – for example, if you’re a US citizen but only lived in the US as a child and then left your kids aren’t eligible for US citizenship automatically (see the rules for CRBA ).

The most common example of birthright is obviously the United States. Many people enter the US to give birth to a child who automatically becomes an American citizen as they’re born on US soil.

While the parents aren’t eligible to stay and get residency in the US, the child could return when they’re 18 years old and sponsor the relatives for a green card when they turn 21. Naturally, it involves a lot of money and paperwork and it’s not an easy process when the “anchor child” has no connections in the US, but entirely legally possible.

Why Take Advantage of Birthright?

Cost is something that many people think about first, as it’s undeniably cheaper to pay for the hospital birth anywhere outside of the US and get better care. After all… the US has a terrible rate of maternal deaths, especially in some states and people of color.

My personal reasons were that my child can invest in a property in the country without having to lease and jump through hoops and if everything falls apart we all can get citizenships as well. On top of better medical care and lower costs.

Something many Americans or people who push for kids to get American citizenship don’t think about is taxation. Becoming American citizen ties you with the tax system forever, unless you renounce your citizenship for which you need to pay for. It can also screw you when it comes to starting a life elsewhere. How come?

Many non-US banks are wary of doing business with US citizens due to the increased reporting requirements imposed by FATCA and the risk of penalties that apply if those banks fail to comply with the requirements of the Act (and their associated inter-governmental agreements).

In fact, many foreign banks are refusing to do business with US citizens because the risks and costs outweigh the benefits.

It really sucks if you can’t get a home loan (and for example, European mortgage rates can be below 1% which is a huge gain compared to the US) or an investment or even a basic bank account to receive your salary and pay your bills or whatever.

With the advent and proliferation of FATCA, having a non-US place of birth becomes even more valuable. Even if you have a second passport, a US place of birth gives away the fact that you’re a US citizen no matter what, unless you can produce a renunciation certificate.

However, with a non-US place of birth on a non-US passport, there’s nothing advertising one’s US citizenship. If I show up with my kids to Italy tomorrow with my European passport no one would suspect me or my kids of having any ties to the US since they were born in other countries.

You might need to disclose this information, but you can surely fly under the radar that way.

What Countries Offer Birthright Citizenship?

Thinking of having a baby soon? Some countries allow unrestricted jus soli which means parents can just enter on a tourist visa. Others only allow it under special conditions like eg. parents have to live in a country for a year or have a temporary work permit. Full birthright regardless of parents’ status:

France, Luxembourg and Portugal have conditional options only

• United States
• El Salvador
• Antigua and Barbuda
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Saint Lucia
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• Trinidad and Tobago

Best countries for birthright citizenship

1. Chile – the country acts on jus soli for anyone. Chile secures 6th place on the best travel document globally.

2. Mexico – the country acts on jus soli for anyone and family members automatically receive permanent residency. With a Mexican passport, one can have access to almost 140 countries.

3. Brazil – provides affordable costs of birth for tourists and strict jus soli. Parents can easily obtain a residency as well. Brazil offers access to approximately 150 countries.

4. Canada – acts on jus soli. The passport gives access to 190 countries visa-free countries.

5. Barbados – Barbadian citizens can travel across 140 countries without a visa with special access to the United Kingdom. 

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Friday 26th of January 2024

Hello Anna, Thank you for these interesting enlightenment on "Jus Soli".

I have always thought about it but never knew what to classify it as.

We had our first baby (Uriel) December 26th, 2022 was unable to get her this second passport by birth due to lack of clarity on how to go about it.

Just three days ago I and my wife had planned to conceive for second baby and in my checklist I added "Birth Tourism and Country" before I stumbled on blog.

Apart from Mexico and Costa Rica, is it possible for parents from Nigeria to get permanent residency rights in Canada as well? Your suggestion and/or advice will be helpful. Thank You.

AnnaEverywhere

Which country was your first baby born in?

And in regards to Canada, no. Your baby would be Canadian, but you won't get a right to stay in the country.

Wednesday 16th of August 2023

What countries give citizenship to the parents as well?

Anna Karsten

Friday 18th of August 2023

Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica for sure. However, it's not instant, you still need to be there for the indicated amount of time and pass the citizenship and language test.

Saturday 29th of October 2022

Thanks for for this write up. What about Brazil? How safe is it for a mother delivering her baby in Brazil and are parents given a permanent resident card?

What do you mean how safe it is? In terms of hospitals they have excellent medical facilities.

Thursday 17th of February 2022

Please which of these countries you listed give parents permanent residency rights by way of child birth?

Wednesday 23rd of February 2022

@Anna Karsten,

Hi, what are the requirements for parents to get permanent residency by their child being born in Mexico and how long would it take?

Saturday 19th of February 2022

Mexico and Costa Rica for sure.

Thursday 16th of December 2021

My parents both were naturalized American in 1946 but still had Polish citizenship when I was born in the United States in 1945. Is there any path for me to acquire Polish citizenship now without moving there or any other complicated methods?

Poland makes it relatively easy to get citizenship via descent. It's a different process than birthright though, as you've been born in the US.

If your parents lived in Poland before 1920 and maintained their citizenship until you were born then yes, you qualify for citizenship. You need to collect the evidence - eg. their Polish passports, address, any documents from Poland, then send it and the process will take 1-2 years. It's a myth that you need to speak Polish - this rule doesn't apply to citizenship by descent, just to immigrants, and I personally know someone who got his knowing only 3 words in Polish.

What is birth tourism and is it legal?

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Birth tourism isn’t a term we hear everyday, but it is in actual fact a real thing! Want to learn all about it? Read on…

What is birth tourism?

Anchor babies, future life improvement, two-child policy, right of abode, birth tourism scrutiny in the us, changing citizenship laws, jus sanguinis , birth tourism in north america, birth tourism in hong kong, birth tourism- further reading.

As the name suggests, birth tourism is the action of travelling to a different destination for the purpose of giving birth. There are various reasons as to why pregnant people decide to take this course of action, which I will go into below. It is not a new phenomenon, nor is it something which people are particularly secretive about when they engage in it. It is more common in the US, Canada and Mexico as these countries famously offer birthright citizenship.

It is worth nothing that birth tourism is completely unrelated to the concept of a babymoon, which you can read about here !

Why does birth tourism happen?

So, why does birth tourism exist? One reason is that people may want to give birth where it’s free or at least much cheaper than their home country. They also may feel like other countries are able to provide better (and/or safer) medical care during and immediately after the birth. Childbirth is a terrifying process for many, and people want to feel as confident as possible as they bring a new life into the world.

But the main reason for birth tourism is citizenship purposes. People will travel to a different country to give birth there so that the child has birthright citizenship, also known as jus soli. There are many reasons why someone may want their child to have citizenship in a different country…

An anchor baby is a child born in this country for the purpose of helping their parents obtain permanent residency in this country. Due to the baby having birthright citizenship, it should then be easier for the parents and other family members such as siblings to gain legal and permanent residency. This term is considered to be offensive by some. It often comes into play during immigration arguments, especially in the US.

Canadians use the term ‘passport baby’ in the same way.

Another reason for giving birth to a child in a foreign country, therefore giving them birthright citizenship, is in order to ensure they have access to solid healthcare and a good education in the future. This is to benefit the child themselves.

In the past, people have engaged in birth tourism to get around the Chinese two-child policy – and the one-child policy before it. China now actually has a three-child policy, due to falling birth rates (presumably because of the two-child policy in place). Iran, Singapore and Vietnam have also all had two-child policies in place at one time or another. Birth tourism was a way of circumventing this issue.

This relates specifically to Chinese citizens travelling to Hong Kong to give birth. Doing so gives the child ‘right of abode’ – also known as permanent residence – to live and work in Hong Kong in the future. They would have all the same rights as anyone else born in Hong Kong. This phenomenon has led to tensions between the people of China and the people of Hong Kong, with the latter even taking to the streets to protest the rise in birth tourism.

Is birth tourism illegal?

For the most part, globally, there are no actual laws against travelling to a different country to give birth there. And the reasons which people do it aren’t technically illegal either. This is not to say that it isn’t legally tricky, or frowned upon by the law…

During the Trump administration in 2020, the president imposed new visa rules for pregnant women travelling to the US to give birth there. This did not stop all heavily pregnant women being able to gain visa entry into the US, because they might be travelling to visit an ‘ailing relative’ or for work purposes. 

The rule will not apply to foreign travelers coming from any of the 39 mainly European and Asian countries enrolled in the Visa Waiver Program, which allows citizens of those countries to come to the U.S. without a visa for temporary stays. The rule will only apply to applicants for so-called “B” class visas that permit short-term stays for business or pleasure, said AP News.

They went on to say: The practice of traveling to the U.S. to give birth is fundamentally legal, although there are scattered cases of authorities arresting operators of birth tourism agencies for visa fraud or tax evasion. And women are often honest about their intentions when applying for visas and even show signed contracts with doctors and hospitals.

The State Department “does not believe that visiting the United States for the primary purpose of obtaining U.S. citizenship for a child, by giving birth in the United States — an activity commonly referred to as ‘birth tourism’ — is a legitimate activity for pleasure or of a recreational nature,” according to the new rules.

Because of the rise in birth tourism, some countries have changed their citizenship laws. Instead of birthright citizenship being offered to anyone born in the country, the following nations only grant this at birth if at least one parent is a citizen themselves or a legal permanent resident who has lived there for a number of years:

• Australia  
• Germany 
• New Zealand
• South Africa
• United Kingdom

As opposed to jus soli, the concept of jus sanguinis relates to citizenship being designated by the nationality or ethnicity of one or both parents – despite where the child is born. So for example, a couple who are British and French respectively could give birth to a child in neither of these countries. If the country of birth operated under jus soli, the baby would automatically be a citizen of this country. However, if the birth country uses the process of jus sanguinis then the child would take either British or French citizenship. Originally this would automatically be the same as the father’s – but with equality on the rise, it is now that of either parent.

Popular birth tourism destinations

I have already touched on some of the common places for birth tourism, but below you’ll find some more detail…

As mentioned earlier, the North American countries all offer automatic birthright citizenship, with dual citizenship also allowed. However, this may not always be a positive thing. For example, citizens of the United States are taxed worldwide even if you are not a resident. So you could be born in the US, either through birth tourism or perhaps a premature birth, then leave as a baby and never set foot in the US. You would, in the future, still be liable to pay taxes in the US unless you pay the eye-watering $2350 renunciation fee.

The Center for Immigration Studies say they estimate that there are 33,000 births annually as a result of birth tourism in the US. They also say that the most common countries people travel from for birth tourism are China, Taiwan, Korea, Nigeria, Turkey, Russia , Brazil, and Mexico.

People also travel to Brazil for birth tourism purposes. Children born here, in the largest country in South America , are granted Brazilian citizenship at birth under jus soli – meaning they are Brazilian regardless of their parents’ nationalities. Parents can then apply for ‘residency of the indefinite term’ due to the child having Brazilian citizenship.

International Wealth say: After obtaining residency by submitting your child’s birth certificate and copies of passports, you will be eligible to apply for citizenship after one year. 

This fast-track naturalization process is desirable for a parent to obtain a relatively “cheap” second citizenship for you and your family. Your child will benefit from being a citizen of the Mercosur region, allowing them to live, study and work anywhere in the area. 

Of course, I touched upon this earlier – but many Chinese parents travel to Hong Kong to give birth so their children can enjoy ‘right of abode’ in the future. This came as a result of the 2003 Individual Visit Scheme which allowed people from Mainland China to visit Hong Kong on an individual basis. Before this, residents could only visit as part of a group tour or on a business visa.

This new rule provided an opportunity for pregnant people to head to Hong Kong and give birth there, thus securing ‘right of abode’ for their offspring. But of course, this resulted in a shortage of resources (hospital beds, midwives, medical equipment and so on) for local residents. They did not take kindly to this, with protests and potential policy changes occurring in more recent years.

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Portuguese Citizenship By Birth

Portugal grants citizenship to children of immigrants who have resided in Portugal for a specified duration and children born abroad to Portuguese parents. However, there are specific requirements you must meet to qualify for citizenship by birth in Portugal.

If you’re ready to claim your Portuguese citizenship, IAS lawyers can walk you through the application process. We are available to help you via phone, online, or in person. Call  +44 (0)333 305 9375  to speak with one of our lawyers for immediate assistance

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Benefits of Choosing IAS ‘ Portugal Immigration Lawyers

When it comes to obtaining a Portugal visa or permit, IAS Portugal immigration lawyers are well-equipped to help you.

With IAS’ track record of successfully helping clients visit or immigrate to Ireland successfully, we can help you achieve your goal.

Our dedicated immigration lawyers provide our services through a comprehensive and personalised approach. With IAS, you enjoy:

Compassionate support from an experienced immigration lawyer dedicated to your success

Support in gathering supporting documents and completing a high-quality application.

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In-house document checks done by lawyers who are well-versed in Portugal immigration matters.

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Need help with an immigration issue? Book a one-to-one advice session with one of our legal caseworkers.

We can complete your visa application on your behalf, taking the stress and hassle out of the process.

Need to submit an application quickly? We can help you complete and send it off in as little as 24 hours.

Ensure you have the greatest chance of a successful appeal with our legal support and guidance.

Portuguese Citizenship for Children

Citizenship by birth or descent is one of the most accessible routes to obtaining Portuguese citizenship. Children born in Portugal to Portuguese parents automatically receive citizenship upon birth registration. The same is applicable where one parent is Portuguese. However, the birth has to be registered for citizenship to be awarded.

Adopted children (less than 18 years old) of Portuguese parents are automatically granted citizenship once the adoption process is complete. Children born stateless are also automatically awarded Portuguese citizenship.

Portugal does not grant automatic citizenship to children of non-citizens born there. The parents must meet specific requirements for the children to become Portuguese citizens.

Here the process of acquiring Portuguese citizenship by birth for the different categories of foreign immigrants to Portugal and children born to Portuguese parents overseas.

Portuguese Citizenship for Children of Foreign Residents

The Portuguese Parliament amended the Portuguese nationality in 2020. The amended law grants citizenship to children of foreigners who have been legal residents in Portugal for at least one year. The same applies where only one parent is a Portuguese resident.

However, both the parent’s marriage and the child’s birth must be registered with the Portuguese civil registry.

Requirements and Eligibility for Portuguese Citizenship By Birth

To be  eligible for Portuguese citizenship  as a child of a foreign national, you must meet the following criteria.

• One or both of your parents must have lived in Portugal for at least one year at the time of your birth.
• None of your parents must be an employee of your home country or the Portuguese State when you were born.
• You are 18 and above, are born in Portugal to foreign parents, and have lived in Portugal for over five years.
• You are below 18, have a serious disability, your parents became Portuguese citizens after you were born, and you have been living in Portugal for a minimum of five years.

Citizenship for Children of Portuguese Citizens Born Abroad

Children born to Portuguese parents overseas acquire  Portuguese citizenship by descent , provided their birth is registered at the Portuguese consulate in their country of residence.

As a child of Portuguese parents, you are still eligible for Portuguese if your birth was not reported at the Portuguese Embassy and you later decide to claim Portuguese citizenship.

You can also claim Portuguese citizenship if either of your grandparents were Portuguese but you will have to meet some additional requirements.

Eligibility Criteria for Portuguese Citizenship By Descent

If you were born abroad to Portuguese parents, or your grandparents were Portuguese citizens, you qualify for Portuguese citizenship provided you meet the following requirements.

• Both or one of your parents were Portuguese nationals at the time you were born, irrespective of your country of residence.
• Your birth was registered at a Portuguese civil registry, or you formally declare an intent to claim Portuguese citizenship later in life.
• You have a Portuguese grandparent who retained their citizenship, and you have proofs that you’re connected to the Portuguese community, such as the ability to speak the Portuguese language.

Maximize your chances of obtaining a citizenship by speaking to our legal experts today. Call us on:  +44 (0)333 305 9375

Citizenship for Children of Portuguese Golden Visa Holders

Portugal grants residency to foreign investors in exchange for substantial investment in Portugal through its Golden Visa Program.  Portugal’s Golden Visa  holders are only required to spend at least seven days a year in Portugal to be legal residents.

Therefore Golden visa holders, whether residing in Portugal or their home country, are considered Portuguese residents. As such, their children can acquire citizenship once they’ve held the visa for at least one year.

Our expert immigration lawyers can assist with your Portuguese Citizenship application.

How to Apply for Portuguese Citizenship by Birth or Descent

You don’t need to apply for citizenship if you are born in Portugal to a Portuguese parent. You’re automatically a Portuguese citizen. You also don’t need to apply if you were born to parents of Portuguese nationality overseas and your birth was registered at the Portuguese embassy in your country.

However, you must apply for other categories of citizenship through birth or descent. In Portugal, all citizenship applications are processed by Instituto dos Registos e do Nototiado (The Institute of Registries and Notaries – IRN). But you can submit your application alongside relevant documentation at either of the following:

• Any of the IRN offices.
• A Portuguese Citizen Shop.
• The National Support Centre for the Integration of Migrants (CNAIM) in Lisbon or Porto.
• The Portuguese consulate or embassy in your country of residence.

Documents Required to Apply for Citizenship By Birth in Portugal

In applying for citizenship in Portugal, you must provide specific documents to support your application.

The documents you’ll need to provide vary depending on the particular category of citizenship by birth you’re applying through. The following are some of the documents you must provide along with your application:

• Your birth certificate.
• A valid ID document, such as a Passport.
• The birth certificates of your parents or grandparents, where applicable.
• The full names and birth dates of your parents to enable the consulate to retrieve your Portuguese parent or grandparent’s birth certificates if you don’t have them.
• Original or certified copy of your parent’s marriage certificate, if applicable. The consulate can help you find the certificate if they were married in Portugal.
• Proof of nationality of your parents or grandparents.
• Evidence of connection with the Portuguese community, such as proficiency in Portuguese.
• Proof that you meet any residency requirements (such as tax records) where applicable.
• A declaration of Portuguese nationality or a letter addressed to the Ministry of Justice requesting citizenship.

Application Fees and Processing Time of Portuguese Citizenship By Birth

Application is free for those applying through descent, that is, those whose parents or grandparents are Portuguese nationals. Those applying through birth – those born in Portugal to non-Portuguese citizens) – will pay the regular citizenship application fee of €250.

The processing time for Portuguese citizenship applications varies, and it’s usually a long process. Typically it takes between 6 and 24 months from the time of application submission to obtain citizenship. Failure to submit correct documentation can further lengthen the duration.

Find out how we can assist with your Portuguese Citizenship application.

Special Birth and Ancestry Routes to Portuguese Citizenship

Asides from the primary citizenship by birth or descent routes, there are two other special routes to obtain Portuguese citizenship by descent. They are:

• Citizenship by Portuguese Jewish ancestry.
• Citizenship by Portuguese colonial ties.

Descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews

Portuguese Nationality Law allows descendants of Portuguese Jews expelled in the 16th-century inquisition to obtain Portuguese citizenship if they can show Sephardic ancestry and “belong to a Sephardic Jewish community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal.”

You can prove Sephardi ancestry by showing a Sephardic surname in your family tree. You do not need to reside in Portugal or speak Portuguese to qualify. This citizenship route does not also have a residency requirement.

Requirements for Portuguese Citizenship by Sephardic Ancestry

To qualify for this citizenship route, you must:

• Show proof of Sephardic Jewish ancestry either by a Sephardic surname in your family tree, cemetery records, or evidence of the use of ladino language in your family.
• Show ongoing ties with a Portuguese Sephardic Jewish community. A letter from an orthodox Jewish rabbi confirming your Sephardic Jewish heritage is often evidence enough.

Former Portuguese Colonies

Individuals born in former Portuguese colonies before the colonies gained independence are eligible for Portuguese citizenship. These former colonies include:

• Guinea Bissau
• Sao Tome and Principe

Descendants of Portuguese nationals residing in these colonies who belong to Portuguese communities can also qualify for citizenship. To be eligible for this citizenship route, you must:

• You must have been born in any of the former Portuguese territories before they gained independence.
• You must be a descendant of Portuguese nationals residing in any of the colonies.
• You must show ongoing ties with the Portuguese community in your country of residence.

Benefits of Portuguese Citizenship

There are several advantages of becoming a Portuguese citizen, some of which are:

• It gives you the right to hold a Portuguese passport: It is among the most powerful passports in the world and grants you visa-free access to 187 countries.
• Becoming a Portuguese citizen automatically makes you a citizen of the European Union. It grants you free movement across all EU and EEA countries. You can study, live, work, and retire anywhere in Europe. You’re also entitled to Consular protection from any EU country consulate while visiting a country with no Portuguese consulate or embassy. It also allows you to vote and stand for elections in the European Parliament.
• You can vote and run for electoral positions in Portugal.
• Holding dual British-Portuguese citizenship restores all European Union rights lost with Brexit to UK citizens.

Portuguese Dual Citizenship

Portugal allows its citizens to hold dual citizenship. Portuguese citizens holding foreign citizenship retain their Portuguese nationality. Foreign nationals who want to become Portuguese citizens also do not have to renounce their existing citizenship.

Call us for further assistance with your Canadian immigration matter.

How Can IAS Help?

Portuguese citizenship is one of the most sought-after in Europe today because of its relatively lax requirements, flexibility, and numerous benefits. However, the application process can be long and strenuous. Enlisting the help of immigration professionals will take the burden of monitoring the application off your shoulders.

IAS lawyers are experts in immigration laws and policies across Europe and North America. We can assist you with your Portuguese citizenship application. We will help curate the necessary documentation to prevent errors that can delay your application.

You can reach us at any time via phone, the online contact centre, or in person at any of our office locations across the UK. Call  +44 (0)333 305 9375  now to speak with one of our lawyers.

We offer immigration advice sessions as face to face appointments at all of our UK offices, or via the phone.

Table of Contents

Frequently Asked Questions

Does portugal give citizenship by birth.

Yes, Portugal gives citizenship to children born to immigrants who have resided in Portugal for at least one year. Children born to Portuguese nationals overseas are also eligible for Portuguese citizenship by birth.

Can I get a Portuguese passport if I was born in Portugal?

You can get a Portuguese passport if you were born in Portugal to Portuguese parents or if your foreign parents became citizens before your birth (if you were born before 2020). You can still get a Portuguese passport if you were born in Portugal to non-Portuguese parents, provided you meet the minimum residency requirements.

Are children who are born of foreigners considered full Portuguese citizens?

Starting from November 2020, Portugal now grants full Portuguese citizenship to children born to foreigners who have been living in Portugal for a minimum of one year.

Who is eligible for Portuguese citizenship?

Those eligible for Portuguese citizenship include:

• Children born to a Portuguese national in Portuguese territory
• Children born to a Portuguese citizen in the service of the Portuguese State abroad
• Children born to a Portuguese parent abroad if their birth is registered in the Portuguese civil registry or if they declare an intent to be Portuguese
• Persons born in Portugal to foreign parents who have legally resided in Portugal for at least one year and are not in the service of their country of origin
• Stateless persons born in Portuguese territory
• Foreign nationals who have lived in Portugal for at least five years

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Related pages for your continued reading

Portuguese Work Visas

Looking to work in Portugal or obtain a work visa for your employee? We can help. Learn more here.

Portugal Visas

Foreign nationals who want to immigrate to or visit Portugal may require one of the various visas. Learn more here.

Portugal Family Reunification Visa

IAS Portugal immigration lawyers can help you reunite with your family in Portugal. Contact us today for support.

Portugal Residence Permit

The Portugal residence permit allows foreign nationals to live in Portugal for a year or more. Learn more here.

Portuguese Citizenship

There are a few routes to citizenship in Portugal. Click here to find out their eligibility requirements and process.

Portuguese Student Visas

If you want to study in Portugal, you may need to obtain a study visa. Click here to learn more about Portugal’s study visas.

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Having a child: Birth Registry, Citizen Card and Passport

This section is organized as follows:

Births can be registered online or in person

Citizen card.

Registering a birth is mandatory and free of charge, and can be done by either parent, whether or not they are married. The baby can be registered online or in person.

• via the Justice Portal [Portal da Justiça] (through authentication with a Digital Mobile Key or your Citizen Card )
• at a Births Desk [Balcão Nascer Cidadão] , where available in the maternity unit
• in a civil registry office within 20 days after birth. 

When registering the birth, you must indicate:

• up to 2 first names (simple or compound)
• up to 4 surnames (simple or compound)
• the child’s place of birth, which may be one of the following:
• the parish and municipality of the place of birth
• the parish and municipality of the mother’s place of habitual residence in Portugal on the birth date.

Find out what data is required to register a birth .

Children born in Portugal to foreigners parents

Children born to foreign nationals can have Portuguese nationality at birth if one of their parents was born and resides in Portugal.  When registering the birth , the mother or father must provide documents that prove their place of birth and their residence.

You can apply for Portuguese nationality later on if:

• you have no nationality (stateless persons)
• the mother or father has resided in Portugal, and has not worked in their country of origin for more than 5 years at the time the child was born
• the mother or father has been resident in Portugal for more than 5 years with a valid residence permit/document
• the child has completed primary education in Portugal
• the mother or father has acquired Portuguese nationality after the birth of the child, and the child has an effective connection to the Portuguese community*.

*The effective connection to the Portuguese community is automatically recognised if, when making the application, the child or adult lacking capacity:

• has been legally resident in Portugal for 5 years
• is registered with the Portuguese tax authorities and National Health System (or regional health services), and
• can prove they are studying in Portugal (if under the age of 18).

Find out how to apply for Portuguese nationality .

Children born abroad to Portuguese parents

Children born abroad are entitled to have Portuguese nationality if at least one of the parents has Portuguese nationality.

Portuguese persons residing in a country of the European Union (EU) or in a country outside the EU whose official language is Portuguese, including Macau, may apply online for birth registration and for Portuguese nationality for their children. The application can only be made online if the child was born less than one year ago.

If the child is over the age of one, the parents must register the birth and apply for Portuguese nationality in person at a consular post .

Birth Certificate

Once the birth has been registered, a birth certificate may be requested.  Find out how to apply for a birth certificate in paper or electronic format .

The Citizen Card is compulsory for all persons with Portuguese nationality who reside in Portugal or abroad, as from the 20th day after birth. Until the child reaches their first birthday, the Citizen Card is free of charge.

If the baby is Portuguese, you can request the Citizen Card when registering the birth or, alternatively at the following places:

• at the desks of the Institute for Registry and Notary Affairs 
• in Citizen Shops 
• in RIAC shops in the Azores
• at Portuguese consular offices , if you are outside Portugal.

The first application for a Citizen Card must be made in person.   Find out more about how to apply for a first Citizen Card .

In addition to assigning a Civil Identification Number [Número de Identificação Civil, NIC], when applying for a first Citizen Card, a Tax Identification Number [Número de Identificação Fiscal, NIF], Social Security Identification Number [Número de Identificação da Segurança Social, NISS] and national health service user number are assigned.

When applying for the card, which can be done by the mother, father or other person with parental responsibility, a photograph of the child’s face in digital format must simply be sent via email or other suitable means when applying.

The photograph must meet the following criteria:

• JPEG format
• taken from the front, at a distance of 60 to 80 centimetres from the child
• focused and clear
• a neutral, light colour background
• the child must have a neutral expression (no frowning or open mouth).

The child must be in a vertical position or, if under the age of one, may be lying on a white or light-coloured blanket and may have their eyes closed. No support or object should be visible; nor should another person be holding the child. There should also be no reflections or shadows visible on the child’s face or in the background.

If the child is travelling outside the European Union, they will need to have their own passport. This document can be applied for in person at the following places:

• at the registry offices and Citizen Shops in all the municipalities 
• at the Passport Shops at Lisbon and Porto Airports 
• with the Governments of the Autonomous Regions of the Azores and Madeira 
• at the Portuguese Consulates (for applications made abroad). 

Find out more about applying for a passport .

Information updated on March 15, 2024

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6.4.6 - 20/02/2024

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Birth rate up

The number of births in Portugal in the first quarter of the year reached the highest value since the beginning of the covid-19 pandemic, with 21,065 newborns being screened in 2023.

By TPN/Lusa, in News , Portugal · 11 Apr 2023, 17:02 · 1 Comments

The data advanced to Lusa agency by the National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge ( INSA ) indicates that, in the first three months of the year, 1,437 more babies were screened with the “heel prick test” than in the same period of 2022 (19,628) under the National Neonatal Screening Program (PNRN), coordinated by INSA, through its Unit of Neonatal Screening, Metabolism and Genetics, Department of Human Genetics.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, in which 21,124 babies were screened in the first three months of 2020, the number of births did not exceed the 20,000 barrier in the first quarter, with 18,226 newborns screened in 2021 and 19,628 in 2022 in the same period , according to data from the program that covers almost all births in Portugal.

Data indicates that January was the month with the highest number of births (7,649), followed by March (7,196), and, lastly, February with 6,220 babies.

Where are most births?

In this first quarter, Lisbon was the district with the most tests performed (6,251), followed by Porto (3,799), Setúbal (1,746), Braga (1,520), Faro (1,082) and Aveiro (970).

The lowest number of tests was observed in the districts of Portalegre (121), Bragança (163), Vila Real (239), followed by Castelo Branco (249) and Viana do Castelo (363), according to the program coordinated by INSA.

In 2022, Portugal once again surpassed the barrier of 80,000 births, after the historic drop in birth rates in 2021, 83,436 newborns in that year, an increase of 5.3% compared to 2021 (79,217), the year in which Portugal recorded the lowest number of births.

Before this minimum recorded in 2021, the lowest number had been verified in 2014, with 83,100 tests carried out in the country, and the highest in 2000 (118,577), according to data consulted by Lusa.

The "heel prick test" is carried out from the third day of life of the newborn, by collecting a few droplets of blood from the child's foot, and currently allows the detection of 27 diseases.

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Would be more interesting to know the nationality of these births - European Portuguese or from Africa and Brazil? Or other developing countries who choose to have their babies in an EU country?

By S from Other on 12 Apr 2023, 14:32

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