whirlwind super tour

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2-way Splitter with TRSP1F Transformer

Model: stsr248a.

• Amphenol connectors is an entire 48x12-channel concert series snake system
• Very popular with hotels, casinos, convention centers and touring sound
• Need for FOH, monitors, and broadcast
• Included is our legendary Patch master system, complete with sub snakes
• Combiner Type - Splitter/Combiner
• Number of Channels: 48
• Number of Inputs: 1
• Number of Outputs: 2

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2-way 2-line Splitter with TRSP1F Transformer

Model: stsr258d.

• 58-channel with 2-way concert series snake system
• Very popular with hotels, casinos, touring sound companies and conventions centers
• W4 direct output on the rear, with the option of one or two isolated W4 outputs on the front panel
• Cable coils neatly behind the splitter and exits through a trap door on the rear of the road case
• Super Tour with 2 lines of data
• Combiner Type - Splitter/Combiner
• Number of Channels: 58
• Number of Inputs: 1
• Number of Outputs: 2

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Whirlwind STSR358 - SUPER TOUR

Whirlwind STSR248AD - SUPER TOUR

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The Whirlwind Super Tour is an entire 58-ch Concert Series snake system, neatly packed into a single road case. Super Tour packages are very popular with hotels, casinos, convention centers and touring sound companies and include all of the cabling you need for FOH, monitors, and broadcast (optional). Also included is our legendary Patchmaster system, complete with sub snakes.

All Super Tour splitters feature a W4 direct output on the rear, with the option of one or two isolated W4 outputs on the front panel. The 300' FOH cable consists of a 58-ch W4 cable, 12-ch W1 drive cable and AC cable bundled together. This cable coils neatly behind the splitter and exits through a trap door on the rear of the road case.

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3-way iso split w/Premium Lundahl transformers

Part number: custom.

The Whirlwind Super Tour is an entire 58-ch Concert Series snake system, neatly packed into a single road case. Super Tour packages are very popular with hotels, casinos, convention centers and touring sound companies and include all of the cabling you need for FOH, monitors, and broadcast (optional). Also included is our legendary Patchmaster system, complete with sub snakes.

The Whirlwind Super Tour is an entire 58-ch Concert Series snake system, neatly packed into a single road case. Super Tour packages are very popular with hotels, casinos, convention centers and touring sound companies and include all of the cabling you need for FOH, monitors, and broadcast (optional). Also included is our legendary  Patchmaster  system, complete with sub snakes.

All Super Tour splitters feature a W4 direct output on the rear, with the option of one or two isolated W4 outputs on the front panel. The 300' FOH cable consists of a 58-ch W4 cable, 12-ch W1 drive cable and AC cable bundled together. This cable coils neatly behind the splitter and exits through a trap door on the rear of the road case.

The charts below outline the components included with each of our Super Tour systems. All Super Tour components are available separately.

• AC panel, input on front, output on rear
• Drive panel, input on rear

The STSR358L SuperTour 3-way iso split w/Premium Lundahl transformers system consists of:

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Who Needs a Whirlwind Trip When You Can Take It Slow?

The slow travel movement has come into its own during the pandemic, as many travelers contemplate the need for more thoughtful, sustainable forms of exploring.

By Elaine Glusac

For many travelers, the prepandemic pace of whirlwind getaways and bucket-list-skimming trips seems so 2019. Now, as destinations cautiously reopen, travelers who spent a year or more confronted by climate change, social activism and a lack of human connection are embracing slow motion as a sustainable speed for exploring the world.

Marguerite Hanley, a native Californian who lives in Amsterdam, is one of those travelers. “After a year of being forced to look inward, we have all realized the value and impact of our actions, both globally in terms of Covid, as humans infringing on habitat, and how we treat people in our community,” said Ms. Hanley, who recently decided to decelerate an ambitious honeymoon in Africa planned for next March. Instead of a whirlwind trip that included a Botswana safari, a visit to Cape Town and an exploration of South African wine country, she scaled down to concentrate on a few camps in Botswana that support conservation and local communities.

“It made sense to stay longer, bring our euros to a couple of communities and reduce our carbon footprint, too,” she said.

Slow travel grew out of the slow food movement, which emphasizes sustainable, local and organic food, and prizes artisanal traditions. It isn’t new — the appeal of walking the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage route in Spain, for example, has endured for centuries. But it’s attracting more travelers now for a variety of reasons: as a salve to social distancing, a response to flight-shaming, a meditative breather or an exercise of pandemic-inspired caution. These more mindful trips involve visiting fewer places and sometimes transiting slower, whether by car, train, bike, foot or canoe.

“While typical travel is all about what you do, slow travel emphasizes how you do it,” Kyle Kowalski, the founder of Sloww , a website devoted to slow living, wrote in an email. “Instead of a jam-packed itinerary, slow travel is about intentionally choosing where you will do less in order to experience more. Instead of rushing from one thing to the next, slow travel is about balance and pace, leaving open time to create space and spontaneity.”

A pandemic-inspired pace

Whether they wanted to or not, many people have experienced a slower life during the pandemic, which has fed the slow travel movement.

The environmental gains witnessed during the pandemic as travel ebbed convinced Julia Douglas, a social media manager in Los Angeles, to walk whenever possible rather than order an Uber. On a recent trip from New York City to Buffalo, N.Y., she took an eight-hour train ride rather than fly as part of an effort “to make small changes that would prolong the improvement in pollution, which the world saw when traveling by plane almost completely stopped,” she said.

While commuter train ridership has suffered during the pandemic, long-distance train travel has shown signs of resurgence. Amtrak Vacations , a tour operator that bundles hotels, excursions and travel by train, said bookings were up 47 percent this year to date compared to 2019. In Europe, where 2021 has been designated the European Year of Rail by the European Union to highlight sustainable transportation, long-distance train travel has been revived. Night train networks have made a comeback and one start-up, Midnight Trains , plans to launch luxury sleeper cars on routes from Paris to more than 10 cities beginning in 2024.

Work-from-anywhere policies, born of the pandemic, enabled many to stretch their trips. Airbnb said its stays of 28 days or more had increased 10 percent in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period in 2019. Exclusive Resorts , a membership home rental service, said bookings of 21 days or more grew 550 percent in 2021 compared to 2019.

The time-consuming requirements of travel today, such as testing or applying for entry, also tend to slow things down.

“In the before times, it was common for travelers to pack in as many destinations and countries as possible, and a Southern Africa safari could include two, three or four countries,” said Jeremy Townsend, the marketing director for Next Adventures , based in Berkeley, Calif. “Today, with required Covid tests for entry and spotty flight connections, our clients are opting for single-country safaris to places like Kenya, Uganda or Zambia that offer a wide variety of experiences with the convenience of reliable international access.”

Getting a Covid-19 test 72 hours before returning to the United States from abroad, as required , is a natural brake.

“Traveling is complicated right now, and we’re recommending that clients add on a few days at the end of their vacation near to their departure point, in order to more easily deal with the requirements for testing before getting onto a flight home,” said Simon Scutt, the director of On Foot Holidays , which specializes in European walking tours.

Anti-checklist travel

But it’s not just practicalities pumping the brakes. There’s a calming appeal to travelers who may feel overwhelmed after more than a year of nervous coexistence with the coronavirus.

In anticipation of Norway’s recent opening to vaccinated American travelers, Up Norway , a bespoke travel company, began selling the concept of “ kos ,” a Norwegian term for peace, harmony and gratitude cultivated “when one takes their time traveling, soaking in the simple joys of culture and natural beauty,” according to a news release touting 28-day stays in remote areas of the country.

It’s a far cry from seeing Big Ben, the Eiffel Tower and the Roman Colosseum — the package-trip hit parade — in a week.

“We used to book a lot of Europe and Asia where people just wanted to check spots off their list,” said Denise Ambrusko-Maida, a travel adviser and the owner of the travel agency Travel Brilliant in Buffalo, N.Y. “People are pulling away from tourist hot spots. They don’t want to be crammed in and shuffling along in lines.”

Rebecca Werner, a Chicago-based travel adviser with Protravel, recently booked a summer train trip to Glacier National Park for a Wisconsin family of four who are fans of the Netflix mini-series “The Queen’s Gambit.” It was a “good way to catch up with their kids and see some good scenery, plus play some chess on the train,” she said.

For these travelers, pursuing personal passions has supplanted the bucket list.

Working with the bespoke travel agency Untold Story Travel , David Demers of Naples, Fla., is organizing two nearly monthlong trips next year to Israel and the Mediterranean with ample time to pursue his interests in history, theater, food and art.

“In the past, travel was about packing in as much as you can, running around checking boxes, which becomes mechanical,” said Mr. Demers, who recently sold his health care company. “The pandemic taught us all that it’s OK to not go fast, to focus on what’s important.”

With that in mind, the travel company Sojrn recently launched monthlong trips staying in one destination, each with an educational theme such as philosophy in Athens, wine in Italy or Spanish language in Colombia. Travelers stay in local apartments and participate in weekly dinners and events, leaving lots of unstructured time to work and explore.

“I’m trying not to plan everything out to the minute like I have done in the past,” said Cara Wright, of Apple Valley, Minn., who plans to continue working for a nonprofit while in Italy in October with Sojrn.

A sustainable speed

For others, like Donna Hetrick, a potter based in Pittsburgh who is bound for Africa, slow travel is about reducing their environmental impact.

“I couldn’t justify a two-week safari,” said Ms. Hetrick, who instead plans to spend several months biking in Africa beginning in 2022 with TDA Global Cycling . In addition to amortizing her carbon footprint and seeing a place in depth, the long trip offers connection. “When you’re on a bicycle, you are accessible to people,” she said.

As a form of tourism that espouses treading lightly, going off the beaten path, connecting with community and patronizing locally owned businesses — all tenets of sustainable travel — slow tourism is also being championed as a correction to overtourism, the kind of overcrowding that plagued destinations such as Dubrovnik before the pandemic.

“Slow tourism is more sustainable because people tend to spend more time in a destination and spread out,” said Martha Honey, the former executive director of the Center for Responsible Travel and co-editor of the book “ Overtourism: Lessons for a Better Future .

She describes slow travel as a “win-win” for both the traveler, who engages more deeply in a destination, and the destination, which sees the benefits of travel dispersed, and credits the recent buy-local movement, forged in the pandemic as communities pulled together to keep local businesses afloat, for popularizing slow principles.

“It’s less disruptive and more economically beneficial,” Ms. Honey added.

As indicated by the popularity of destinations such as Alaska and Montana this summer, travelers continue to avoid densely populated places. In a recent survey of more than 800 travelers in five countries, including the United States, by Flywire , a payment-processing service, three-quarters said they would look for an uncrowded destination when they travel.

For eco-conscious explorers who cling to Phileas Fogg -like ambitions of circumnavigating the globe, but fret over their impact, the sustainable tour operator Responsible Travel recently introduced an 11-week trip — roughly 80 days — around the world by train and cargo ship, crossing Europe to Central Asia, following the Silk Road to China, then shipping out across the Pacific for North America.

“The journey becomes part of the travel experience rather than just a way of getting from A to B,” said Anna Rice, a manager at Responsible Travel who spent a year beginning in 2011 traveling around the world by train and ship, and discovering, among other things, that Vietnam, China, Russia and Poland all had a similar dumpling with a different name. “You become much more aware of your surroundings and how countries are connected in subtle ways in terms of culture and their environments.”

Moving at the speed of humans

For those to whom trains and freighters are too mechanized, human-powered travel, such as hiking, biking and paddling, allow for maximum exposure to nature and the small details blurred at higher speeds.

“You get to see things you don’t see in a car because you’re going slow,” said Kristi Growdon, a personal golf trainer based in Seattle who took a cycling trip to Utah in April with VBT Bicycling Vacations . The company has nearly sold out all domestic departures this year. At the Maine Island Trail Association , which manages a route across more than 200 undeveloped islands along the Maine coast, membership, which includes access to trail information, jumped 23 percent last year.

A sea kayak “takes you into a place other boats cannot go, the intertidal zone,” said Michael Daugherty, the co-owner of Sea Kayak Stonington , which offers boat rentals and guided trips to some of the islands on the trail. “There’s tide and swell and it’s dynamic, and you’re much more aware of that in a small boat.”

He runs the business with his wife, Rebecca Daugherty, an artist, and together they have paddled 625 miles along the Maine coast, producing the 2020 illustrated book “ Upwest & Downeast .”

“I’m a painter, and it takes a while to see a place,” Ms. Daugherty said. “I felt on that 55-day trip, it wasn’t slow enough.”

New ways to slow down

Where there’s a trend in travel, tour operators follow, as indicated by a new wave of relaxed vacation packages.

The active travel company Backroads , launched a division this year called Dolce Tempo , offering a less ambitious pace. Nearly all 2021 trips are sold out; in 2022, it plans to add 100 new Dolce Tempo departures at home and abroad, including Scandinavia, England and along the Danube River.

Motorists can drive from Denver to Moab, Utah, in about five and a half hours. But beginning in August, riders of the Rocky Mountaineer train can cover the route in two days on a scenic ride with an overnight stay in Glenwood Springs, Colo. The new Rockies to the Red Rocks route has been so popular the company has added capacity and extended its inaugural season to Nov. 19. Notably, there is no Wi-Fi onboard.

In southern Utah, the new Aquarius Trail Hut System stations five backcountry huts — fashioned from recycled shipping containers and powered by solar energy — across a 190-mile bicycling route from Brian Head Peak to the town of Escalante. Cyclists pedal in the Dixie National Forest through the hoodoos of Red Canyon and skirt Bryce Canyon National Park.

Jared Fisher, who owns the Las Vegas-based cycling outfitter Escape Adventures , developed the Aquarius Trail Hut System over five years to make “bike-packing” — or backpacking via bike — accessible by including food and bedding, which reduces the amount of gear and planning required. An avid bike-packer, Mr. Fisher has ridden across the United States three times.

“Personally, I enjoy the freedom and head space” of traveling by bike, he said. “I love to be out in nature and feel it, smell it, taste it.”

Follow New York Times Travel on Instagram , Twitter and Facebook . And sign up for our weekly Travel Dispatch newsletter to receive expert tips on traveling smarter and inspiration for your next vacation.

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Taylor Swift's whirlwind week: From Tokyo to Super Bowl Sunday

The music superstar performed in Tokyo and then jetted off to Las Vegas.

Taylor Swift seemingly can do it all.

The pop superstar made it to Las Vegas Sunday in time to watch her boyfriend, NFL star Travis Kelce , and the Kansas City Chiefs defeat the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl LVIII .

Here's a look at Swift's whirlwind week that saw her going from the Grammys to Tokyo, Japan, to the Super Bowl.

From the Grammys to Tokyo

Following her record-breaking win at the Grammys on Feb. 4, Swift jetted off to Japan for the international leg of her Eras Tour.

Bryan West, USA Today's Taylor Swift reporter, was in Japan, keeping track of Swift as she performed her four-night residency at the Tokyo Dome.

"Taylor Swift just wrapped up night three in Tokyo. She ended about 9:15 p.m. local time," West said on "Good Morning America" on Feb. 9. "When I was out there, I saw a lot of red and gold jerseys, a lot of No. 87s."

Kelce's longtime Chiefs jersey number is 87.

Swift publicly attended her first Chiefs game on Sept. 24, 2023, sitting next to Kelce's mom, Donna, in a suite at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri.

"It does appear the fan base, the Swiftie base, even over here in Japan, is supporting the Chiefs," West said. "And they are going to be watching the Super Bowl to see, one, if Taylor Swift shows up, and [two], see if the Chiefs can pull it off."

A final performance in Tokyo Saturday night

On Feb. 10, Swift performed in front of an audience of thousands for her final night at the Tokyo Dome, where she has sold out each of her four shows. Saturday's show was set to start at about 6 p.m. local time.

A 13-hour flight from Japan to the United States

A nonstop flight from Tokyo to Las Vegas is anywhere between 12 hours and 25 minutes to 13 hours and 30 minutes, barring bad weather or other travel conditions.

With the 17-hour time difference between Tokyo and Las Vegas , Swift's fan base correctly predicted that the singer could make it back to the U.S. in time for the Super Bowl kick-off at 6:30 p.m. ET.

A Super Bowl victory

Swift was seen celebrating both on the field and off as Kelce and the Chiefs won an overtime victory to take home their second consecutive Super Bowl title.

The US Embassy of Japan was committed to getting Swift to the Super Bowl

As the fan frenzy continued, even the Embassy of Japan in the U.S. weighed in on Swift's expected travel plans.

MORE: Can Taylor Swift make it to the Super Bowl? Japanese Embassy weighs in

Last Friday, the Japanese embassy issued a statement on X, formerly Twitter, filled with references to Swift's album titles and confirming that Swift could indeed travel from Tokyo to Las Vegas to make it in time for the Super Bowl.

"We know that many people in Japan are excited to experience Taylor Swift's Eras Tour, so we wanted to confirm that anyone concerned can be Fearless in knowing that this talented performer can wow Japanese audiences and still make it to Las Vegas to support the Chiefs when they take the field for the Super Bowl wearing Red ," the embassy wrote in part.

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News broke last week that Swift's lawyers had sent a cease-and-desist letter, obtained and reviewed by ABC News, to Jack Sweeney, a Florida college student who reportedly ran social media accounts dedicated to tracking the private jets of Swift and other celebrities, calling it "stalking and harassing behavior" that posed an "imminent threat" to Swift.

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A spokesperson for Sweeney told ABC News in a statement that the social media accounts have since been taken down by Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram and Threads.

Travis Kelce isn't letting Taylor Swift frenzy distract him

Despite the public frenzy surrounding Swift and Kelce's relationship, Kelce said in the days leading up to Sunday that he remained focused on the task at hand: winning this year's Super Bowl.

"Football is my main focus right now. There's a lot of people counting on me in this building, in this city, in this organization," he said during an appearance on "The Pat McAfee Show" on Jan. 31.

Still, the proud boyfriend also called Swift "unbelievable" at Super Bowl Opening Night.

"She's rewriting the history books herself. I told her I'll have to hold up my end of the bargain and come home with some hardware too," he said, speaking with reporters Monday night.

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12 Day Multi-Destination Europe Tour from London to Amsterdam, Venice, Rome and Paris

12 days, 9 countries and 15 cities

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11 Breakfasts, 1 Lunch, 4 Dinners

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The tring-tring of bicycles sounds the start of your European Whirl. Kick back on the canals of Amsterdam and Venice, in the quiet lakeside beauty of Lucerne and among the Tuscan hills near Florence, with flavours of Italian Chianti setting the tone for an unforgettable trip.

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12 days itinerary trip from London to Paris visiting 9 countries and 15 cities Choose Your End Location

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This tour ends in Paris after breakfast with a transfer to Charles de Gaulle Airport.

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About this trip

Sightseeing highlights.

Explore Rome, Florence and Paris with a Local Specialist

Discover Amsterdam, Heidelberg, Munich, Innsbruck, Venice and Lucerne

Visit a glassblowing factory in Venice and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

View the canals in Amsterdam, the Golden Roof in Innsbruck, St. Mark's Square in Venice, the ancient sites in Rome, the Chapel Bridge in Lucerne and the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

See the Lorelei Rock and the vineyards of Burgundy

Scenic Cruise along the canals of Amsterdam, the Rhine River and by private launch to St. Mark's Square in Venice

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Eurostar high-speed train from London to Brussels

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Eurostar high-speed train from Paris to London

On occasion, hotels of similar standard and location may be utilised.

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Every one of our tours includes at least one conscious travel experience that supports one or more of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS). Look out for yours within the day-by-day trip itinerary.

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Travel knowing our 4-point climate action plan will ensure net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

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Your tour directly supports local communities by visiting family-run businesses, UNESCO sites and places of cultural significance.

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Every part of our business, from trip design to how we run our offices, aligns to our 5-year sustainability strategy which ensures a positive impact on people, the planet and wildlife.

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Our not-for-profit, the TreadRight Foundation, invests in nature-based solutions to address climate change.

You’ll make a positive impact to people, planet and wildlife on this tour

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Super Fast Python

making you awesome at concurrency

• Python File IO: A Whirlwind Tour

January 6, 2022 by Jason Brownlee in Concurrent File I/O

Last Updated on August 21, 2023

Manipulating files is perhaps one of the core activities in most Python programs.

Before we can explore how to manipulate files concurrently with threads or processes, we need to review the basics of how to file IO in Python .

In this tutorial, you will discover how to manipulate files in Python.

After completing this tutorial, you will know:

• How to list, open, read, write, rename, delete, move and copy files in Python.
• How to manipulate paths in python such as get the basename, file extension, and construct paths.
• How to create zip files, and add files to an archive and unzip files from an archive.

Let’s dive in.

Table of Contents

File IO refers to manipulating files on a hard disk.

This typically includes reading and writing data to files, but also includes a host of related operations such as renaming files, copying files, and deleting files. It may also refer to operations such as zipping files into common archive formats.

File IO might be one of the most common operations performed in Python programs, or programs generally. Files are where we store data, and programs need data to be useful.

Python provides a number of modules for manipulating files.

The most common Python file IO modules include the following:

• built-in : with functions such as the open() function for opening a file.
• os : with functions such makedirs() remove() , rename() , and many more.
• os.path : with functions such as basename() , join() , and many more.
• shutil : with functions such as copy() , move() , and many more.

We cannot cover all of the functions or all of the operations, but we can take a whirlwind tour of some of the most common file IO operations.

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How to List Files

The contents of a directory can be listed using the os.listdir() function .

The function takes a directory path as an argument and returns string names for each file and directory it contains.

For example:

The “.” and “..” directories that represent the current and previous directory are omitted from the results.

The names returned may be files or directories. They will not be sorted.

The example below lists the contents of the root directory on your machine.

Running the example will report the contents of the ‘/’ root directory on your machine.

On my machine, we see the following (your results will differ).

Alternatives to the os.listdir() function include os.scandir() .

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How to Open a File

Files are opened in Python using the open() built-in function .

The function takes a number of arguments, most notably the path of the file to open, the mode in which to open it and the encoding used when reading or writing from the file.

Common open modes strings values include:

• ‘ r ‘: open in read mode (default)
• ‘ w ‘: open in write mode.
• ‘ a ‘: open in append write mode.
• ‘ b ‘: open in binary mode.
• ‘ t ‘: open in text mode (assumed).
• ‘ x ‘: open in creation mode.

Modes can be combined, for example ‘ rb ‘ indicates opening a file for reading ( r ) binary ( b ) data.

Encodings often refer to the codec, such as ‘utf-8’ which is common for ASCII text.

The open() function returns a file object or handle on which operations can be performed like reading and writing.

For example

Operations on the file include functions such as read() , write() , and close() . It is important to close a file once you are finished using it, especially when writing to the file as it ensures any buffered input is written.

It is common to use the context manager when opening a file.

This involves using the “ with ” keyword, calling the function and specifying a name for the file handle.

This creates a block in which file operations can be performed. Once the block is exited, normally or by a raised exception, then the file is closed automatically.

Given that the file is closed automatically, opening files with the context manager is the preferred way to open files.

The example below creates a new file but does not read or write any data.

Running the example creates a new file with the name ‘ new_file.txt ‘ in the current working directory (the same directory as the Python script).

If you try to create the file again after it already exists, the program will result in an error.

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How to Create a Directory

A directory can be created using the os.makedirs() function .

The function takes the path of the directory to create. If one or more directories in the provided path do not exist, they will be created.

The function also tasks an argument exist_ok which defaults to False , which means that if the final directory in the path already exists then an error will be raised. The exist_ok argument can be set to True to ignore the case if the directory already exists, allowing the script with directory creation to be attempted each time it is run.

The following example will create a new subdirectory in the current working directory.

Running the example creates a tmp/ subdirectory in the current working directory.

Alternatives to the os.makedirs() function include os.mkdir() .

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How to Write To File

Files can be written to after being opened by calling the write() function.

A file must first be opened by calling the open() built-in function with a mode that permits writing, such as ‘ w ‘. This function returns a file handle on which the write() function can be called.

If the file was open in binary mode, then write() must take bytes, whereas if the file was opened in text mode then write() must take strings.

The example below writes a string to file. If the file already exists, the content is replaced because we are opening the file in write mode ‘ w ‘ instead of append mode ‘ a ‘.

Running the example creates a new file in the current working directory with the name “ new_file.txt “.

Checking the file in a text editor, we can see the contents match the string that we wrote.

Alternatives to the write() function include writelines() .

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How to Read From File

Files can be read from after being opened by calling the read() function.

A file must first be opened by calling the open() built-in function with a mode that permits reading, such as ‘ r ‘. This function returns a file object on which the read() function can be called.

The example below opens the “ /etc/services ” file on a POSIX system and reports the length of the data in the file.

Note, change the file to the Python script itself if you are not on a POSIX system (e.g. mac or linux).

Running the example loads the file, reads the contents into memory as a string and reports the length of the string in terms of the number of characters.

Alternatives to the read() function include readline() and readlines() .

How to Move Files

Files can be moved in Python using the shutil.move() function .

The shutil.move() function takes the source file path and the destination file path as arguments.

If the source is a directory, then the move() function will move the directory and its contents to the destination.

If the destination file does not match the source file, it will be renamed accordingly.

If the destination is a directory, then the source will be moved under the destination directory.

The example below creates a new subdirectory and a file in the current directory, then moves the file under the subdirectory.

Running the example first creates a new file in the current directory named “ moving_file.txt ” and a new subdirectory under the current working directory named ‘ tmp/ ‘. It then moves ‘ ./moving_file.txt ‘ to ‘ tmp/moving_file.txt ‘.

Alternatives to the shutil.move() function include os.rename() and os.replace() .

How to Copy Files

Files can be copied in Python using the shutil.copy() function .

The shutil.copy() function takes a source file path and a destination file path.

If the destination file path is a directory, the source file will be copied into the destination directory.

The example below creates a new file in the current working directory and then copies it to a file with a different name in the current working directory.

Running the example creates a file named “ copy_file.txt ” in the current working directory then copies it to a new file with the name “ copy_file2.txt ” in the current working directory.

Alternatives to the shutil.copy() function include os.sendfile() , shutil.copyfileobj() , shutil.copyfile() , and shutil.copy2() .

How to Rename Files

Files can be renamed in Python using the os.rename() function .

The os.rename() takes a source file path and a destination file path.

If the destination file path already exists, then an error will be raised.

The example below will create a new file in the current working directory and will then rename it.

Running the example creates a new file named “ rename_file.txt ” in the current working directory, then renames the file to “ test_file.txt “.

Alternatives to the os.rename() function include os.renames() , os.replace() , and shutil.move() .

How to Delete Files

Files can be deleted in Python via the os.remove() function .

Remove takes a file path to delete.

If the file does not exist, an error is raised. Similarly, if the path is a directory an error is raised.

The example below creates a file in the current working directory, then deletes it.

Running the example creates a new file with the name “ delete_file.txt ” in the current working directory, then deletes it.

Alternatives to the os.remove() function include the shutil.rmtree() function. Related functions include os.rmdir() and os.removedirs() .

How to Get Path Base Name

The base filename can be retrieved in Python via the os.path.basename() function .

A path string to a file or directory may contain one or more directories. The file or directory at the end of the path is called the basename.

The os.path.basename() function takes a path string and returns the basename file string.

The function operates on the string directly and the path or path-like string does not exist on disk.

The example below returns the basename of a contrived long path string.

Running the example reports the basename of the path which is the file component at the end of the path in this case.

Alternatives to the os.path.basename() function include os.path.split() .

How to Join Paths

A file or directory can be joined to an existing path string via the os.path.join() function .

The os.path.join() function takes a path and one or more additional directories and/or files to join to the path.

Different operating systems use different characters to delimit directories and files in a path string, such as ‘/’ and ‘\’.

The join() function provides a platform agnostic way of constructing string paths in Python using the appropriate path delimiter for the platform on which the program is being run.

The example below will construct a path with a directory and ending in a file.

Running the example constructs a path using the delimiter that is appropriate for the platform on which the Python script is being run.

In this case, it is being run on MacOS where paths are delimited by ‘/’.

How to Split Filename and Extension

The name and extension parts of a filename can be separated using the os.path.splitext() function .

The os.path.splitext() takes a path string, such as a filename and returns a tuple that contains the name part and the extension part of the provided string.

The name part will include any directory elements and the extension part will include the ‘.’ extension deliminoter.

The example below separates a filename into the name and extension parts.

Running the example splits the filename ‘ filename.ext ‘ into the name ‘ filename ‘) and extension ‘ .ext ‘ elements.

How to Open a Zip File

A zip file can be opened by creating an instance of the zipfile.ZipFile class .

The zipfile.ZipFile class constructor takes the path to the zip file and the mode in which it is opened. Modes are the same as those used when opening files generally, such as ‘ r ‘ for read mode and ‘ w ‘ for write mode.

Once opened, operations can be performed on the ZipFile instance like adding or extracting files from the archive, and closing the file.

Once a file is open it must be closed, especially if files are being added to the archive.

The ZipFile class supports a context manager for opening and closing the file. Operations can be performed on the ZipFile instance within the context manager block and the file will be closed automatically once the block is exited, normally or otherwise.

As such, the context manager is the preferred way to open and use ZipFile instances.

The example below creates a new zip file in the current working directory.

Running the example creates a new zip file in the current working directory with the name “ archive.zip ” and no content.

How to Add Files to Zip

Files can be added to a zip file in Python via the write() function on an open ZipFile instance.

The write() function takes the path of the file to add to the archive.

The example below creates a new file in the current working directory then adds that file to a new zip file archive.

Running the example first creates a text file in the current working directory with the name “ new_file.txt ” that contains a string of data.

A new zip file is then created in the current working directory with the name “ file_archive.zip ” and the file “ new_file.txt ” is then added.

Alternatives to the write() function include the writestr() function and shutil.make_archive() function.

How to Extract a Zip File

Files can be extracted from a zip file in Python via the extract() function on an open ZipFile instance.

The extract() function takes the name of the member in the zip file to extract and extracts the file into the current working directory.

The example below creates a new file in the current working directory, then adds that file to a new zip file archive, then extracts the same file from the archive into the current working directory.

Running the example first creates a text file in the current working directory with the name “ new_file.txt ” that contains a string of data. A new zip file is then created in the current working directory with the name “ file_archive.zip ” and the file “ new_file.txt ” is then added.

Finally, the file “ new_file.txt ” is extracted from the archive “ file_archive.zip ” into the current working directory.

Alternatives to the extract() function include extractall() and read() .

Further Reading

This section provides additional resources that you may find helpful.

• Concurrent File I/O in Python , Jason Brownlee ( my book!)
• Concurrent File I/O 7-Day Course
• Faster File I/O With Concurrency

Python File I/O APIs

• Built-in Functions
• os - Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
• os.path - Common pathname manipulations
• shutil - High-level file operations
• zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
• Python Tutorial: Chapter 7. Input and Output

Python Concurrency APIs

• threading — Thread-based parallelism
• multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
• concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
• asyncio — Asynchronous I/O

File I/O in Asyncio

• aiofiles: File support for asyncio
• aiofiles, GitHub Project .
• Input/output, Wikipedia

In this tutorial you discovered how to manipulate files in Python.

Do you have any questions? Leave your question in a comment below and I will reply fast with my best advice.

Photo by Paul Chambers on Unsplash

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About Jason Brownlee

Hi, my name is Jason Brownlee, Ph.D. and I’m the guy behind this website. I am obsessed with Python Concurrency.

I help python developers learn concurrency, super fast. Learn more .

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