how to switch tabs safari

How to use tabs and private browsing in Safari for iPhone and iPad

Become a tab master.

• How to open a new tab in Safari
• How to switch tabs in Safari
• How to close a tab in Safari
• How to view recently-closed tabs in Safari
• How to view websites from your other devices in Safari

How to use Tab Groups in Safari

• How to use private browsing in Safari

Tabs in Safari let you keep multiple web pages open so you can switch between them efficiently or refer back to them whenever you want. You can open links in new tabs, so you don't lose where you're currently surfing, and even go into Private Mode to give you some privacy on the internet.

Safari has been around for a couple of decades now, and there's a lot to learn — especially for power users. As a first-party app, there are some excellent iOS features Apple's browser can offer, and it integrates seamlessly with your other Apple devices, making it the best web-browser to navigate seamlessly between iPhone, iPad, and Mac. 

How to open a new tab in Safari on iPhone and iPad

Note: We have our Safari Tab Bar at the bottom of our iPhone screen, but all the steps in this guide work if you have yours at the top except from gesture-based manoeuvring. For more on moving the Safari address bar, check out our guide: How to change the Safari address bar on iPhone .

• Open Safari
• On an iPhone, tap the show pages icon in the bottom right of the screen (it looks like two squares). A quick swipe up from the Bottom Tab Bar on iOS 15 and newer gets you there even quicker.
• Tap the + button.

Alternatively, tap and hold the show pages icon, then tap New Tab . For those who like gestures, a quick swipe to the left on the Bottom Tab Bar opens a new tab while a swipe to the right goes back to your previous one. 

You can also open links you come across in a new tab by doing the following:

• Tap and hold (long press) the link you want to open in a new tab.
• Tap Open in New Tab (or Open in Background on iPad).

If you're on an iPad, you can open a link in a new window with Split Screen in Safari . Instead of tapping Open in Background, hit Open in Split Screen to have both tabs side by side -- great for when you're working on an essay for example.

How to switch tabs in Safari on iPhone and iPad

• On an iPhone, tap the show pages icon in the bottom right of the screen (it looks like two squares). On iPad, this looks like four squares and appears in the top right of the screen.
• Tap the tab you want to view.

You'll also benefit from Mac-like tab dividers beneath the URL field on the iPad's larger display. You can tap these to switch between tabs too.

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How to close a tab in Safari on iPhone and iPad

• Tap the X in the top right of a tab to close it. (You can also swipe the card to the left to throw it away).

While the above steps work on an iPad, it is easier to tap the X next to your tab in the toolbar to close it and save yourself an extra tap.

How to quickly close all tabs in Safari on iPhone and iPad

• On an iPhone, tap and hold the show pages icon in the bottom right of the screen (it looks like two squares). On iPad, this looks like four squares and appears in the top right of the screen.
• Tap Close All X Tabs .

How to view recently-closed tabs in Safari for iPhone and iPad

• On an iPhone, tap the show pages icon in the bottom right of the screen (it looks like two squares). On iPad, you can skip this step.
• Tap and hold the + button to bring up the Recently Closed Tabs menu.

How to view tabs open on your other devices in Safari on iPhone and iPad

Safari's iCloud Tabs feature lets you quickly and easily access web pages you've already opened in Safari on any of your other Apple devices — iPhones, iPads, or Macs. It's a very useful tool for getting the most out of your Apple ecosystem.

• On iPhone or iPad, tap the URL field in the Bottom Tab Bar .
• Scroll down to the bottom of the page to see tabs open on your other devices.
• Click on the tab you want to access from your other device.

Each device linked to your iCloud account is sorted alphabetically -- if you don't see your iPhone, iPad, or Mac make sure you sign in with the same Apple ID credentials across all devices. Note: tabs created in Private Browsing mode do not appear in iCloud Tabs, so you won't see those.

In iOS 16 , Apple improved upon Tab-Groups in Safari. Tab-Groups are a great way to combine several tabs together and organize them to make them easy to find. The feature also saves you from leaving a ton of tabs open for later reference.

We have a dedicated guide on how to use Tab Groups in Safari , so check that out to get the most out of the organizing tool. 

How to use private browsing in Safari on iPhone and iPad

Private browsing works just like regular browsing, except Safari won't cache your search terms or add the pages to your browser history -- this can be useful around the holiday period when gift shopping. Here's how to open private browsing on iPhone or iPad.

• Tap Private or New Private Tab .

To exit private browsing mode, press and hold the show pages icon and tap (number) Tabs to return to your previously open regular tabs.

You can also start and stop a private browsing section from the sidebar menu on the iPad.

Become a tab master

Using Safari on iPhone and iPad is similar to using Safari on Mac , however, the interface has some differences to account for smaller screens and touchscreen input. With the above guidance, you'll be well on your way to browsing Safari like a pro on your iOS devices making sure you're getting the best iPhone and best iPad experience possible.

John-Anthony Disotto is the How To Editor of iMore, ensuring you can get the most from your Apple products and helping fix things when your technology isn’t behaving itself. Living in Scotland, where he worked for Apple as a technician focused on iOS and iPhone repairs at the Genius Bar, John-Anthony has used the Apple ecosystem for over a decade and prides himself in his ability to complete his Apple Watch activity rings. John-Anthony has previously worked in editorial for collectable TCG websites and graduated from The University of Strathclyde where he won the Scottish Student Journalism Award for Website of the Year as Editor-in-Chief of his university paper. He is also an avid film geek, having previously written film reviews and received the Edinburgh International Film Festival Student Critics award in 2019.  John-Anthony also loves to tinker with other non-Apple technology and enjoys playing around with game emulation and Linux on his Steam Deck.

In his spare time, John-Anthony can be found watching any sport under the sun from football to darts, taking the term “Lego house” far too literally as he runs out of space to display any more plastic bricks, or chilling on the couch with his French Bulldog, Kermit. 

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How to use the new tab bar in iOS 15 Safari

iOS 15 introduces big changes to Safari — here's how to perform old, familiar features

Safari has been a mainstay of Apple's iPhones since the very beginning, but iOS 15 brings some major changes to the venerable web browser's appearance and functionality. Perhaps the biggest alteration is in the tab bar, the part of Safari's interface that governs how you interact with all the websites you've opened. 

Most crucially, Safari's tab bar on the iPhone is now at the bottom of the screen by default, instead of the top. That takes some getting used to, not to mention an adjustment of muscle memory — assuming that you don't just go and make Safari's tab bar return to the top of the screen .

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The location of the tab bar may have changed, but other functions in Safari remain the same, even if they might look a little out of place if you keep that tab bar at the bottom of the screen. iOS 15 beta testers may also be confused, as Apple made several tweaks to the look of Safari in response to feedback from users.

To help you navigate around the redesigned Safari browser on your iPhone, here's a guide on how to use the tab bar in Safari on iOS 15, along with a reminder on how to handle some basic interactions.

How to open a new browser tab in iOS 15 Safari

1. Tap the tabs button in the bottom right corner of Safari.

2. Tap the blue plus (+) button on the left side of the location bar.

3. Alternatively, tap and hold on the tab button, then tap New Tab on the pop-up menu that appears.

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How to close a browser tab in iOS 15 Safari

1.   Tap the tabs button in the right corner of the location bar.

2. You'll see an overview of all your currently open tabs. Tap the 'x' in the top right corner to close a tab.

3. Alternatively, when you're viewing the page you want to close, tap and hold on the tab button, then tap Close This Tab. 

This step also allows you to close all tabs at once with a single tap.

How to share a website in iOS 15 Safari

1. Tap the Share button in the center of the location button.

2. On the ensuing screen, tap the contact you want to share a website link with (it will be in the last app you connected with them) or pick an app for sharing the link.

The Share icon is also what you tap to perform other actions with a particular web page. These actions include copying the link, adding it as a bookmark or favorite, searching for a word or phrase on the page, and adding to your reading list.

How to reload a website

If you tested an early beta of iOS 15, reloading a website was unnecessarily complicated, forcing you tap a More button in the tab bar; only then could you access the reload button. But later on during the beta process, the reload button was added to the tab bar — just tap it when you want to reload a page. 

Alternatively, you can drag down from the top of the webpage to reload it in iOS 15 Safari.

How to activate Reader mode in iOS 15 Safari

1. Tap the Aa button on the left side of the tab bar.

2. Select Show Reader.

3. You're now in Reader mode. To close Reader, just repeat steps 1 and 2, only this time, select Hide Reader.

Alternatively, pressing and holding the Aa button automatically launches Reader mode.

How to switch between browser tabs in iOS 15 Safari

1. Tap the tab button along the bottom strip of icons in Safari. 

2. Select the tab you want to open.

Alternatively, you can swipe upward on the location bar to see all your tabs. 

You can also quickly move between taps by swiping the location bar left-to-right or right-to-left to switch to the next or previous open tab, though we've found this to be tricky on iPhones with smaller screens.

How to open a new private browser tab in iOS 15 Safari

1. Press and hold the tab button in the lower right strip of icons in Safari.

2. Select new Private Tab from the pop-up menu.

3. The tab bar will change colors, signifying you're now in private browsing mode.

4. To exit a Private tab, tap on the Tab icon again. Then select the Private drop-down menu.

5. From there, select your other, non-private tabs.

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The easiest way to switch tabs in safari for iphone.

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Safari received a boost in iOS 15 ,  bringing the mobile browser application closer to the desktop clients that run on iPadOS and macOS, but some features are designed just for smartphones and handhelds — like swiping left or right to change tabs. The upgrade brought the address bar to the bottom of the screen in a controversial move that Apple thought would make Safari easier to use. Since smartphones are getting larger and larger each year — the Pro Max models of the iPhone offer nearly 6.7" of diagonal screen space — reachability is a big concern. If users have to stretch their hands across the display to reach key items, they're more likely to drop an iPhone and incur accidental damage that will be expensive to repair.

Though it made sense, in theory, to redesign the address bar and move it to the bottom of the screen, users weren't exactly thrilled about the change. The response to the redesigned address bar, which was detached from the top of the screen and instead floated at the bottom of a webpage, was extremely critical. The reactions were so extreme that Apple uncharacteristically reverted the address bar to the old version during the beta software period, completely removing a staple of the upgrades to Safari in iOS 15. Apple did bring back the traditional action bar and address bar, but they remained at the bottom of the screen. It might have drawn ire from the power users who had gotten used to its location, but it brings new features to Safari on iPhone.

Related:  How To Save Passwords On An iPhone With Safari & View Them Later

Tab management has changed quite a bit on  Apple iOS 15 and is much like how tabs are managed on Safari for Mac and iPad. With iOS 15, there's now a start page that the user can customize to have a set background, favorites, Continuity tabs and more. The start page is shared through Continuity, so a start page already created on macOS or iPadOS will automatically be reflected on iOS. This is a big deal because there is less of a need to keep hundreds of tabs open if pages can be saved to a start page for quick access. Tabs can also be searched, closed and sorted into groups for easy-to-digest organization.

The Bottom Address Bar Brings Gestures To Safari

Moving the address bar to the bottom of Safari's user interface is quite the change to the application, but it brings support for gestures on iOS. Only one tab can be opened at a time on iPhone, which makes the need for changing tabs more prominent. Previously, the process for changing tabs required tapping on the tab button in the action bar and finding the tab manually. In iOS 15, changing tabs is as easy as swiping left or right on the address bar. Continuously swiping to the left will change tabs until a user reaches the first tab open, while swiping to the right will open a new tab. Between these tabs, users can swipe to find any open tab.

The  tab window can be opened quicker by swiping up on the address bar for more precise findings. By using these three gestures, navigating tabs in Safari can get a lot quicker. There is a caveat to the feature additions, though — gestures only work when the address bar is located at the bottom of the screen. Apple made it possible for users to place the address bar back at the top of the screen in a Safari settings menu, but doing so will remove support for gestures. It's a tough choice because longtime iOS users have gotten used to the address bar at the top of the screen. But support for gestures that make Safari easier to use might convince users to keep the address bar at the bottom of the screen.

Next:  Safari Not Working On iPhone? Try These Tips To Fix It

Source: Apple

How to Use Safari Tabs on Mac

In this article, I will talk about how Safari tabs work and how to optimize your settings so that you can maximize your browsing experience. As most people know, Safari tabs allow you to have multiple web pages at the same time in the same Safari window, this way, your desktop will not be cluttered with multiple Safari windows. Tabs also makes it very easy to switch between websites and you can open as many tabs as you like. Here are a few of the settings you can adjust to your liking:

• You can duplicate or pin a tab.
• You can open a recently closed tab.
• You can open links in new tabs instead of windows.
• You can open a link into an active tab; A tab will not open in the background, but instead it will open in front of your current tab. In other words, when you open a link, its tab will be the one you are viewing.

How to make clicked links open in a new tab

I prefer to do this when I want to open a link. I don’t like it when a new window opens when I click a link. If you are like me, then this setting is for you too.

These settings will be used to decide whether links from web pages, and other applications such as Mail or Messages, open in new tabs.

• With Safari open, click Safari from the top menu bar and select Preferences.

• Click on Tabs.

• Find the “Open pages in tabs instead of windows” menu and select one of the options: Never, Automatically, or Always.

• Find the Navigation option. If you select the first box saying “⌘-click opens a link in a new tab,” all clicked links will open in new tabs.

You can use these shortcuts when opening links:

• Command (or Cmd) ⌘ – Click : Use this shortcut to open a link in a new tab.
• Command (or Cmd) ⌘ – Shift – Click : This also opens a link in a new tab, but it makes that tab the active one. As I explained above, this link will open in front of the one you currently have open.
• Command (or Cmd) ⌘ – Option – Click : Use this shortcut when you want to open a link in a new window.

Duplicate a tab

You may want to duplicate an open tab. This is one of my favorite functions that I use often. There are a few ways to do this:

• You can use this shortcut: First press Command ⌘ – L to highlight the URL in the search field at the top of Safari (or you can go to search field and highlight it), then press Command ⌘ – Return to duplicate your current tab. The duplicated tab will open next to your current one.
• Alternatively, you can Control – Click (or right-click using a mouse or trackpad) a tab and select Duplicate Tab from the menu.
• You can also go to the top menu bar and select Window > Duplicate Tab.

Bring back a closed tab

You may want to bring back a tab that you have closed accidentally. There are a couple of ways to do this:

• You can use this shortcut: Command (or Cmd) ⌘ – Shift – T or Command (or Cmd) ⌘ – Z .
• Alternatively, you can go to the top menu bar and select Edit > Undo Closed Tab.

You can pin tabs to access them easily later. You may want to pin your favorite websites, or pin websites that you visit frequently. There are a few ways to do this:

• Drag the tab you want to pin to the leftmost side of the tab bar and hover it there until it becomes small.
• You can also do this by going to the top menu bar and selecting Window > Pin Tab.
• You can Control – Click on a tab, and choose Pin Tab. Note, you can unpin by following the same steps and selecting Unpin Tab.

Manage tabs

Here are a few tips on how you can manage your tabs:

Switch between tabs

This enables you to quickly move between open tabs:

• Shift – Command ⌘ and press the right or left arrow key to move through the tabs.
• You can also use Control – Tab or Control – Shift – Tab to move right or left, respectively.
• You can also use Command ⌘ – 1 through Command ⌘ – 9 to select one of your first nine tabs. But first, ensure that the “Use ⌘-1 through ⌘-9 to switch tabs” option is selected in Preferences (Safari > Preferences > Tabs).

Change the order of tabs

You can rearrange your open tabs:

• Click to select the tab you want to move, and drag it to a new position.

Move a tab to a new window

You can turn a tab into a new Safari window

• Go to Window > Move Tab to New Window.
• Or Control – Click a tab and select “Move Tab to New Window.”

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Dr. Serhat Kurt worked as a Senior Technology Director specializing in Apple solutions for small and medium-sized educational institutions. He holds a doctoral degree (or doctorate) from the University of Illinois at Urbana / Champaign and a master’s degree from Purdue University. He is a former faculty member. Here is his LinkedIn profile and Google Scholar profile . Email Serhat Kurt .

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How to quickly switch safari tabs on iphone, and see open tabs.

There's a super quick way of switching between tabs in Safari on iPhone, and see all open tabs. Here is how.

There are so many tips and tricks built into iPhone's software , some of which are nice and obvious, while others are a little more hidden.

Did you know, for example, there is a quicker way to switch between tabs in Safari than having to tap on the squares in the bottom right corner and then choosing a different tab?

Well there is and we're about to tell you how. You can thank us later.

How to switch Safari tabs quickly

There are a couple of ways to switch between tabs when using Safari on your iPhone. You can use the standard way, which sees you tap on the two squares in the bottom right corner and select a different tab, or you can follow the steps below.

• Open Safari
• Swipe right or left on the address bar 
• That's it! Each swipe will take you to a tab you've already opened. 

How to see open tabs on Safari quickly 

Like with switching between tabs on Safari, you can tap the two squares in the bottom right corner to see all your open tabs. There's a quicker way though. 

• Open Safari 
• Swipe up from the bottom of an open tab
• That's it! You'll see all your open tabs appear in a grid, like they do when you tap the two squares.

Anything else?

There's nothing else you need to know in terms of switching tabs, but we do have a couple of favourite tips below that you might not know about. 

• How to use the iPhone Apple logo as a secret button
• How to close all Safari tabs on iPhone at the same time
• How to setup an Express Travel Card on Apple Pay to pay quickly with your iPhone or Apple Watch

How-To Geek

How to switch tabs with a keyboard shortcut in any web browser.

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Ai search isn't the silver bullet google thinks it is, here's why, today's nyt connections hints and answer for june 14 (#369), quick links, switch to the next tab in chrome, safari, firefox, and edge, change to the previous tab in chrome, safari, firefox, and edge, jump to a specific tab in chrome, safari, firefox, and edge, key takeaways.

You can switch to the next tab in Chrome, Firefox, and Edge on Windows, and Linux using Ctrl+Tab. On a Mac, use Control+Tab in Safari and Edge, and Command+Option+Right Arrow in Chrome and Firefox.

Switching between open tabs in your Chrome, Safari, Firefox, and Edge web browsers is as easy as pressing a keyboard shortcut . You can go to the next tab, previous tab, or a specific tab using a shortcut on your Windows, Linux, and Mac machines. Here's how.

Related: How to Switch Tabs in a Full-Screen Chrome Browser

If you'd like to jump to the next open tab (the tab to the right of your current tab), all you have to do is press the relevant keyboard shortcut from the list below.

On Windows and Linux

Chrome, Firefox, and Edge: Ctrl+Tab

• Safari and Edge: Control+Tab
• Chrome and Firefox: Command+Option+Right Arrow

Related: How to Close Browser Tabs With a Keyboard Shortcut (in Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Safari)

To go to the previous tab (the tab to the left of your current tab), press one of the following keys.

• Chrome, Firefox, and Edge: Ctrl+Shift+Tab
• Safari and Edge: Control+Shift+Tab
• Chrome and Firefox: Command+Option+Left Arrow

You can use a keyboard shortcut to access a specific tab in your web browser. Here, in the keyboard shortcut, you need to replace the number with your tab number.

The tab counting works from left to right, with the left-most tab numbered as number 1.

• Chrome, Edge, and Firefox (Windows): Ctrl+1 to Ctrl+8

Hannah Stryker / How-To Geek

• Firefox (Linux): Alt+1 to Alt+8
• Safari: Command+1 to Command+9
• Chrome, Edge, and Firefox: Command+1 to Command+8

And that's how you quickly and conveniently cycle between the open tabs in your favorite web browser. Happy browsing!

Related: 10 Essential Keyboard Shortcuts for Browser Tabs

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• Google Chrome

How to Swipe between Tabs in Safari (iOS 17)

Switching Safari tabs on your iPhone used to take multiple taps on the screen each time you wanted to move to another tab, but now there's a better solution! Now, you can swipe between tabs instead of navigating via your list of tabs. We'll show you how.

Why You'll Love This Tip:

• Quickly swipe through all of your open tabs without navigating to other menus.
• If you need to compare two web pages, this feature lets you alternate between them effortlessly.

Swipe Through Safari Tabs

System requirements.

This tip works on iPhones running iOS 16 or later. Find out how to update to the latest version of iOS.

Before you try this tip, make sure that you have more than one open Safari tab on your iPhone. To learn more about how to better navigate Safari, check out our Tip of the Day newsletter! Now, here's how to swipe between tabs in Safari:

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And that's it! You can swipe through as many tabs as you have open in Safari on your iPhone, and you can even open a new tab in Safari by swiping all the way to the right, past the right-most tab!

Author Details

Elisabeth Garry

Elisabeth Garry is an Associate Editor for iPhone Life. Formerly of Gartner and Software Advice, they have six years of experience writing about technology for everyday users, specializing in iPhones, HomePods, and Apple TV. As a former college writing instructor, they are passionate about effective, accessible communication, which is perhaps why they love helping readers master the strongest communication tools they have available: their iPhones. They have a degree in Russian Literature and Language from Reed College.

When they’re not writing for iPhone Life, they’re reading about maritime disasters, writing fiction, rock climbing, or walking their adorable dog, Moosh.

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How To Switch Tabs On Safari

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Introduction

Safari, Apple's native web browser, is renowned for its sleek interface and seamless user experience. Whether you're a casual internet surfer or a power user, knowing how to efficiently switch between tabs can significantly enhance your browsing productivity. In this article, we'll explore various methods to effortlessly navigate between tabs on Safari, catering to different preferences and usage scenarios.

Mastering the art of tab management not only streamlines your browsing sessions but also allows you to multitask with ease. Whether you're researching a topic, shopping online, or simply indulging in some leisurely reading, the ability to swiftly switch between tabs can make your online experience more enjoyable and efficient.

So, whether you're using a MacBook, iMac, or any other Apple device, let's delve into the diverse techniques for tab navigation in Safari. From utilizing the tab bar to leveraging keyboard shortcuts and trackpad gestures, we'll uncover the full spectrum of options available to you. By the end of this guide, you'll be equipped with the knowledge to seamlessly navigate your virtual world, effortlessly hopping between different web pages and maximizing your browsing prowess.

Using the Tab Bar

The tab bar in Safari serves as a visual representation of the open tabs, allowing users to effortlessly switch between different web pages. Located at the top of the browser window, the tab bar displays individual tabs, each representing a distinct webpage. This intuitive feature provides a convenient way to manage and navigate through multiple tabs, enhancing the overall browsing experience.

When utilizing the tab bar, users can simply click on a specific tab to switch to the corresponding webpage. This straightforward method is ideal for those who prefer a visual and direct approach to tab navigation. Whether you have two tabs open or a dozen, the tab bar presents a clear overview of your browsing session, enabling seamless transitions between different web pages.

Furthermore, Safari offers a convenient tab preview feature when hovering the cursor over a tab. This allows users to get a quick glimpse of the content within each tab, making it easier to identify and select the desired webpage. By leveraging this functionality, users can efficiently navigate through their open tabs, swiftly locating and accessing the information they need.

In addition to basic tab switching, the tab bar also supports tab management actions, such as opening new tabs, closing existing tabs, and rearranging the tab order. This flexibility empowers users to organize their browsing sessions according to their preferences, facilitating a personalized and efficient workflow.

Moreover, Safari enables users to create tab groups, a feature introduced in a recent update. Tab groups provide a means to categorize and organize related tabs, offering a streamlined approach to managing multiple open web pages. By leveraging tab groups within the tab bar, users can maintain a structured and clutter-free browsing environment, enhancing productivity and focus.

In essence, the tab bar in Safari serves as a central hub for tab management, offering a user-friendly interface for navigating, organizing, and optimizing the browsing experience. Whether you're juggling research tabs, monitoring social media updates, or exploring various topics of interest, the tab bar provides a versatile and intuitive platform for seamless tab navigation and organization.

Using Keyboard Shortcuts

Harnessing keyboard shortcuts is a powerful way to expedite tab navigation in Safari. Apple has integrated a range of keyboard commands that enable users to swiftly switch between tabs, catering to those who prefer a more tactile and efficient approach to browsing. By familiarizing yourself with these shortcuts, you can elevate your browsing experience and streamline your workflow.

One of the fundamental keyboard shortcuts for tab navigation in Safari involves using the Command key in combination with a numerical key. For instance, pressing Command + 1 directs you to the first tab, Command + 2 to the second tab, and so forth. This method provides a quick and direct means to access specific tabs without the need to reach for the mouse or trackpad , making it ideal for users who prioritize speed and precision in their browsing activities.

In addition to numerical shortcuts, Safari offers a convenient keyboard command to cycle through open tabs. By pressing Command + Option + Right Arrow, users can seamlessly navigate forward through their tabs, while Command + Option + Left Arrow facilitates backward tab navigation. This intuitive functionality allows for fluid tab switching, enabling users to traverse their browsing history with ease and agility.

Furthermore, Safari supports a keyboard shortcut for tab overview, providing a comprehensive visual representation of all open tabs. By pressing Command + Shift + , users can access the tab overview, which displays miniature previews of each tab, facilitating quick and informed tab selection. This feature is particularly beneficial for users with numerous open tabs, as it offers a bird's-eye view of the browsing session, empowering efficient tab management and navigation.

Moreover, users can leverage the Command + W shortcut to swiftly close the active tab, streamlining the process of decluttering the browsing environment. This simple yet effective command allows for seamless tab cleanup, enabling users to maintain a tidy and organized browsing session without interrupting their workflow.

By embracing these keyboard shortcuts, users can optimize their tab navigation experience in Safari, unlocking a realm of efficiency and convenience. Whether you're conducting research, managing multiple web applications, or simply exploring the internet, mastering these keyboard commands empowers you to navigate your virtual landscape with precision and agility, enhancing your overall browsing proficiency.

Using Trackpad Gestures

In addition to the tab bar and keyboard shortcuts, Safari offers a seamless and intuitive method for tab navigation through trackpad gestures. Leveraging the multi-touch capabilities of the trackpad, users can effortlessly switch between tabs, providing a tactile and ergonomic approach to browsing.

One of the primary trackpad gestures for tab navigation involves using a three-finger swipe gesture. By swiping left or right with three fingers on the trackpad, users can fluidly navigate between open tabs in Safari . This natural and ergonomic movement mimics the act of flipping through pages, offering a tactile and intuitive way to transition between different web pages. Whether you're browsing articles, managing multiple research tabs, or monitoring various online platforms, the three-finger swipe gesture provides a seamless and ergonomic method for tab navigation.

Furthermore, Safari supports a trackpad gesture for tab overview, allowing users to gain a comprehensive visual representation of all open tabs. By spreading three fingers on the trackpad, users can access the tab overview, which presents miniature previews of each tab in a visually engaging manner. This intuitive gesture provides a quick and informative overview of the browsing session, empowering users to efficiently manage and navigate through their open tabs. Whether you're organizing related tabs into groups, monitoring real-time updates, or simply multitasking across different web pages, the tab overview gesture offers a convenient and visually immersive approach to tab navigation.

Moreover, users can leverage the pinch-to-zoom gesture on the trackpad to access the tab view, providing a dynamic and interactive method for tab management. By pinching with thumb and three fingers on the trackpad, users can seamlessly transition to the tab view, which displays a visually appealing grid of all open tabs. This gesture-driven feature enhances the user experience by offering a tactile and engaging means to interact with and navigate through multiple tabs. Whether you're categorizing tabs, conducting visual tab selection, or simply enjoying a more interactive browsing experience, the pinch-to-zoom gesture adds a layer of dynamism and interactivity to tab navigation in Safari.

By embracing these trackpad gestures, users can elevate their tab navigation experience in Safari, tapping into the tactile and intuitive capabilities of the trackpad to streamline their browsing activities. Whether you're a creative professional, a multitasking enthusiast, or simply someone who values ergonomic and intuitive interactions, these trackpad gestures offer a seamless and engaging approach to navigating the virtual landscape, enhancing your overall browsing proficiency.

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Safari: How to switch between tabs using a keyboard shortcut

How to switch between tabs using a keyboard shortcut? I would access a first, n - 1, n + 1 and the last one tab.

• keyboard-shortcuts

Window Menu -

Show Next Tab Ctrl ⌃ Tab ⇥ Show Previous Tab Ctrl ⌃ Shift ⇧ Tab ⇥

Additionally, Cmd ⌘ [number] will go directly to tabs 1 through 8, & Cmd ⌘ 9 = 'right-most tab'

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How to navigate Safari tabs with your Mac keyboard

When you have several open tabs in Safari, switching among them with your mouse or trackpad can be a chore. This is because it can be tough to click the tiny tab icons at the top of your Safari screen. But with the help of keyboard shortcuts, things can get a bit convenient.

In this tutorial, we show you some handy keyboard shortcuts to switch tabs in Safari on Mac.

Keyboard shortcuts for switching Safari tabs on Mac

Control + Tab : This lets you cycle through your open tabs from left to right. On reaching the last tab, it again starts cycling from the first tab.

Control + Shift + Tab : This lets you cycle through your open tabs from right to left. On reaching the first tab, it again starts cycling from the last tab.

Shift + Command + left or right arrow key : You can switch tabs in Safari with this key combination. In practice, this shortcut is like the above two mentioned above.

In addition to the above shortcuts, there’s another trick that’s even quicker. You can switch directly from one tab to another with the help of only two keys.

Press Command + 1 to 8 on your numeric keypad. The numbers on your keypad will correspond with the order and count of the tabs currently active.

In other words, pressing:

• Command + 1 will take you to the first tab.
• Command + 2 will take you to the second tab, and so on.
• Command + 8 will take you to the eighth tab.

Note: Pressing Command + 9 will not take you to the ninth tab. Instead, it will take you to the last tab .

The main advantage of this method is that you have eliminated the need to cycle through every single tab in order to get to your destination. Instead, you now get to immediately jump from your current tab past all the idle ones, directly to wherever you need to be next.

More Safari tips:

• 12 Safari keyboard shortcuts you should know
• How to use bookmark folders in Safari
• This secret Safari shortcut quickly loads your last search results
• How to view the source code of a page in Safari 
• How to preview a link in Safari for Mac without opening a new tab

How to Switch Between Tabs in Safari on iPhone

Switching between numerous tabs on your Safari browser doesn’t have to be a hassle. The browser has two easy methods to access any tab you open anytime. This guide will show you how to slide between tabs through the Safari tabs button and the swipe gesture methods.  

Switch Tabs Using Tabs Button in Safari Browser.

The recently released iOS 15 has the tab bar relocated from top to bottom of the screen. Here’s an excellent way to switch tabs with the portrait and landscape mode.

• Open several sites on your Safari browser.  
• Click the “Tabs” on the right side of the tab bar.

The screen will show a grid of all the active apps on your Safari browser.  

• Scroll through the list and tap to open any tab.  

Switch Tabs Using Swipe Gesture in Safari Browser

• Open several sites on the Safari browser.
• Look for a small part of the next or previous tab beside the tab bar.
• Now you can swipe to expose the other tab fully on the screen.  

You swipe the left to go to the next tab or to the right to resume a previous site.

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How to change Safari tabs back to stacked iOS 15

The recent iOS 15 update has changed the way tabs are viewed in safari. Previously, the tabs appeared “stacked”, meaning that the title of each web page fit onto the screen, and the X button to close them was in the same position for every tab, making it easy to open and close them. The recent update has switched to a new view which displays the tabs as separate windows, meaning that the web page titles are too short to be of any use and sorting through tabs now means going back and forth across the screen. Is there any way to change back to the previous design? Alternatively, does anyone know of a decent alternate browser which doesn’t have this problem?

[Re-Titled by Moderator]

iPhone 8, iOS 15

Posted on Nov 12, 2021 4:42 AM

Posted on Dec 2, 2021 4:43 PM

100 % agree! It’s so dumb not to have this option. I’m less worried about where the browser bar is located, than finding a solution to this stupid gallery style tabs rather than the stacked view. For those of us with a lot of open tabs and little time we need speed and not leisurely star gazing our browser tabs.

Fix this Apple! Show us how PLEASE!

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Dec 2, 2021 4:43 PM in response to Soulfil

Dec 4, 2021 7:53 AM in response to JMurchie

Hello, I agree, poor design. Any updates with helpful information to change it back? I’ve been looking everywhere to find the solution and all I keep finding is “choose the option ‘single tab’” which changes nothing on my phone.

The new layout for Safari open pages/tabs is absolutely NOT functional and it’s very disappointing to think how Apple wanted this as a feature! Safari has had the same function for open pages/tabs for as long as I can remember and it has always been very functional and aesthetically pleasing (just another part of its pure function) because it stacked the pages like a filing cabinet where you could very quickly see all titles/labels clearly (and imagery etc on page itself), scroll through very quickly, able to digest a lot of info at once, and take action with ease. Makes sense 100%, in real life filing cabinets and online in applications like Safari.

But now, the worst design… imagine in real world taking a lot of documents out of file and spreading them all out in front of you on the floor, laying flat side by side, and just keep them there, lots just spread out… All while you are standing trying to see what they say or file through etc?! Can you imagine if you had to do it that way everyday?! You wouldn’t, it doesn’t work and that’s why filing systems work. Well, that’s what the equivalent of this is like with the new Safari update and IT IS UNUSABLE.

The new layout makes it where you cannot see page titles and/or page content easily (even with great eyes) and you can’t thumb through them, only some can be on screen at a time… what’s the point of having it if you don’t have these essential features? That’s literally the entire job of the tabs! Don’t fix what’s not broken; classic and intuitive design stays because it’s been solved and it works hands down.

Apple support, can you please share with us how to get the stacked tab layout back? The “single tab” option does nothing for this. Please advise. Thanks so much!!!

Jan 7, 2022 2:52 PM in response to JMurchie

I have a degree in Cog Sci, specializing in Human Computer Interaction, and I agree that the new style is terrible design. It has taken all of the pertinent information, abridged it, made it smaller, and arranged it in a way that is difficult to decipher.

• It's not as easy to see (because it's smaller).
• There's less of it it to see (because each title is further abridged).
• It's harder for your brain to isolate a specific title (because they are all the same size and on the same plane, whereas the old way provided a single title as the focal point, slightly larger than the others and easily scrollable).

There you go Apple, that was a free consultation...now please fix this.

Nov 13, 2021 12:25 PM in response to Chris_C1

Thanks for your response, but that’s not what I was referring to. I’m referring to the layout of the tabs themselves, not the location of the tab bar. Is there a way of switching back to the “stacked” tab view?

Dec 3, 2021 8:49 AM in response to JMurchie

It’s driving me insane as well - seem so backward. I used to be able to scroll very quickly through the stack and had all my tabs nicely ordered. It now takes ages in this new imposed page view to find what I want. I cannot see how anyone at Apple can think this is a step forward. It’s just so I un- user friendly!!!! Really regretting updating my iOS now!

Dec 6, 2021 7:39 AM in response to Chris_C1

As numerous other users noticed, switching between single tab and “tab bar” changes nothing, and the new way safari shows tabs makes it impossible to see ANYTHING—the shrift is too small to distinguish which tab is what. I need to go manually through all the tabs one by one to find the tab I need, which consumes an immense amount of time!! This is insane DO REVERSE THAT FEATURE BACK AS IS WAS !!!!!!!!!!

Dec 8, 2021 7:02 AM in response to Sevenoaks181

Because Apple likes to get a rise out of people; it makes them feel powerful.

Clearly, this is a step in the wrong direction, and an example of Apple trying to copy Google, but Apple could have introduced Group Tabs with the stacked tabs. Instead they chose to tile their tabs, just like Google does. But we don’t like the tab files on Google either. Dumb Apple…

Dec 8, 2021 7:18 AM in response to Chris_C1

I agree with all these folks that the new tab layout as tiles (similar to Google) is not as easy to see, read and navigate as the older tiled pages that could still be seen and read as swiped through. Now, it’s a game of memory as the tab tiles do not contain enough graphic information to make them discernible from one another.

This retards the users’ experience, forcing a time consuming gambit fumbling for a particular tab.

Also, the new tab group function is dumb, and bloats the interface.

I use bookmarks, and I close tabs when I’m through using them. I do not keep all my tabs open all the time, so maybe I’ll take some time and tab them together… WTF?

Nov 13, 2021 8:02 AM in response to JMurchie

Hi JMurchie,

Thank you for posting in Apple Support Communities. We understand you'd like to change the way Safari displays tabs in iOS 15.

"You can choose between the top Single Tab you’re used to and the new bottom Tab Bar layout.

• Select either the Tab Bar or Single Tab layout.
• You can move between layouts without losing the tabs you have open."

As discussed here: Customize your Safari settings on iPhone

Dec 4, 2021 1:43 PM in response to Chris_C1

This change is, as others are saying, very annoying. Please tell us how to get back to the stacked tabs we know and love!!

what was the point in making tabs so hard to work with? Help! Please fix it or at least respond to our concerns - and remember we are only trying to help Apple have the best possible product…

May 30, 2022 8:29 PM in response to dw3487

" How to get back to stacked tabs " (?)

..Ask again! ~ Through the only direct channel available..

Give Apple your ideas, via 'Product Feedback' portal links:

• Product Feedback - Apple | main link

// www.apple.com/feedback/

• Feedback - Safari - Apple [..To report Both: iOS iPad + iPhone & macOS ..]

//www.apple.com/feedback/ safari .html

[Another month, into yet another year; from 2021. ~I've

not actually seen valid results, from any posts here yet.]

.Mistaken: To consider Apple would need to look here

for any new ideas. They're swamped with ever-so-many.

Try & get their attention; to fine-tune again, older ones.

May 1, 2022 11:11 AM in response to Tanner0515

There isn’t a way to change tabs back to stacking which is why K Schaffer’s above post suggested users send their frustrations straight to apple via these two links as this page is only a forum for users to help each other.

• Feedback - Safari - Apple [Use to report Both: iOS and macOS ]

// www.apple.com/feedback/ safari .html

Jan 13, 2022 5:38 AM in response to JMurchie

I really dislike the new update when it comes to safari. I really liked when tabs were stacked and it was easier to see what your last tab was. The separate tabs idea is super flawed, and was a really bad design choice. If anything safari should have not been updated except for app bugs.

Especially the fact that they decided to move the search bar to the bottom of the screen. It really messes up my typing, and I’m at least glad they had the option in settings to change back to one tab search, which places the search bar back to the top.

In conclusion, I hope they end up changing it back to the past version. It was more convenient, and was easier to navigate.

Apr 5, 2022 12:15 AM in response to Youngman44

Perhaps time has come (again) to report an issue, by use of this tool:

• Feedback - Safari - Apple [.Use to report Both: iOS and macOS .]

While my older Macs do OK with ESR Firefox versions.. even older

PPC G3/G4/intel, had run TenFourFox; until last build: in Oct 2021.

Have installed Brave for Mac. (chrome-based) Download For iOS .

An experimental/project. ~Have many bookmarks saved in Firefox.

Apr 23, 2022 4:32 PM in response to Opposing

Please provide adequate feedback to Apple itself; not passers-by.

To add here, amounts to near Zero results; in a user-to-user forum.

(Too late to 'un-follow' emailed discussions; or not read/see most of

these. Long ago, I learned to see only most recent ~& escape lightly.)

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How to Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Navigate Tabs in Safari on macOS

Did you know you can use keyboard shortcuts to navigate tabs in the Safari web browser of macOS? Well, you can.

Just hold down Command + Shift, then tap the Left and Right arrow keys move through through the browser tabs from left to right or right to left. Or you can hold down Command + Shift, then tap the Open or Close Bracket keys to move through the browser tabs from left to right or right to left.

Apple says that keyboard shortcuts in apps may vary depending on the language and keyboard layout you’re using on your Mac. If the shortcuts from Apple don’t work as you expect, look in the app menus in the menu bar to see the correct shortcuts. You can also use the Keyboard Viewer to see your current keyboard layout, known as an input source.

The Keyboard Viewer uses the macOS Accessibility Keyboard, which provides advanced typing (such as typing suggestions) and navigation features. To use it:

° Click the Input menu in the menu bar, then choose Show Keyboard Viewer.

° If the command doesn’t appear, choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, click Keyboard, click Input Sources, then choose “Show Input menu in menu bar.”

° Click the Input menu in the menu bar, then choose the input source for the language whose keyboard you want to view.

° Press the key on your keyboard that corresponds to the character shown in the Keyboard Viewer, or click keys in the Keyboard Viewer.

° Press a modifier key, or a combination of modifier keys, to see special characters or symbols you can type. 

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That’s perverse. Ctrl-(Shift-)tab is the method I’ve always used, and in fact is the key combo shown right in the Window menu…!

And works for all tabbed apps, not just Safari…

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Fix: iPhone Lagging and Freezing iOS 17/17.5.1

iOS updates bring in new features, enhance the security of the iPhone, and also optimize it to perform better. Sadly, multiple users have reported that ever since they updated to iOS 17.5.1, their iPhones have been lagging. Moreover, there are constant frame drops while scrolling, keyboard freezing when typing and even the browsing experience on Safari has deteriorated. If you’re facing similar problems, here are ten fixes to try.

How To Fix iPhone Lagging and Freezing After iOS 17.5.1 Update

1. change keyboard settings.

With iOS 17, Apple updated the Auto-Correction feature with a transformer language model which also improves the Predictive Text feature. The keyboard has inline predictive text recommendations too. While this is a step in the right direction, it consumes a huge chunk of resources, especially if you have an older iPhone. 

Therefore, we suggest disabling the Auto-Correction and Predictive Text feature on your iPhone as it might help fix your iPhone lagging. Especially because other users have reported that doing so helps resolve the issue.

Time needed:  2 minutes

Steps to disable Auto-Correction and Predictive Text in Keyboard settings.

2. Remove Dictionary and Add It Back

The Dictionary feature helps you “Look Up” the meaning of words on your iPhone. You can add dictionaries of several different languages. But for some reason, these dictionaries might be the reason your iPhone is lagging. 

Yes, it does not make a lot of sense, but a user on the Apple Discussion Community has reported that removing all the dictionaries and then adding back only the ones you use helps fix iPhone lagging issues. Therefore, we suggest you do the same. 

• Open Settings on your iPhone and head to General . 
• Tap the Dictionary option. 

• Restart your iPhone. If you’re unaware of the steps to do so, ask Siri to restart your iPhone . 
• After your iPhone restarts, head back to Settings > General > Dictionary . 

3. Disable Siri Contact Suggestions

Since Siri won’t be actively analyzing your contacts for suggestions, you’ll free up some processing power.

• Open Settings on your iPhone and head to the Contacts option.
• Tap the Siri & Search option. 
• On the next screen, disable the Learn from this App toggle. 
• Disable the Show Contact Suggestions toggle too. 

4. Change Your Wallpaper

Although Apple removed Live Wallpapers on iOS 16, you can still set various still images as your background. Unfortunately, those with too many elements (e.g., Weather & Astronomy, Live Photos, and Kaleidoscope) can cause some lagging. It’s best to opt for simpler options.

• Go to Settings > Wallpaper .

5. Clear Safari History and Data

If Safari is lagging, freezing, or crashing on your iPhone running on iOS 17.5.1, the first thing you must do is to clear Safari’s History and Website Data.

• Open Settings on your iPhone and navigate to Safari .
• Scroll down and tap the Clear History and Website Data button. 
• Select the All History option from the Clear Timeframe menu. 
• You can also enable the Close All Tabs toggle. It won’t delete any tabs that are in a Tab Group. 
• Finally, tap the Clear History button. 
• Scroll to the bottom of the page and tap the Advanced button. 
• Tap the Website Data button. 
• On the Website Data page, tap the Remove All Website Data button. 
• Tap the Remove Now button to confirm your selection. 

If the aforementioned steps don’t fix the freezing issues on your iPhone, please refer to our detailed guide on how to fix Safari Freezing on your iPhone . 

6. Clear Background Apps

Apps running in the background can also be the reason why your iPhone is lagging. Please clear all the background apps and it might free up the RAM and fix lagging issues. 

• For iPhone with Face ID: Swipe up and hold on to the Home Screen .  For iPhone with Touch ID: Double tap the Home Button .
• Swipe up on all the app s in the Recent Apps tray. 

7. Force Restart iPhone

Temporary bugs and glitches in the software, apps, or services can also cause the iPhone to lag. Force restarting your iPhone can help get rid of these bugs and fix the lagging issues. 

Steps to Force Restart iPhone (iPhone 8, iPhone SE 2nd Gen and above) 

• Press and release the volume up button .
• Press and release the volume down button .
• Next, press and hold the Side button until the Apple logo appears. 
• As soon as you see the Apple logo, release the Side button . Please do not release the Side button before the Apple logo appears on the screen. 

Steps to Force Restart iPhone 7 or iPhone 7 Plus

Press and hold the Volume down and Side buttons simultaneously. Release the buttons once the Apple logo appears. 

Steps to Force Restart iPhone 6s or below 

Press and hold the Side and Home buttons simultaneously. Release the buttons once the Apple logo appears. 

8. Update All Apps

Outdated apps on your iPhone might be causing some lagging.

• Open the App Store on your iPhone.
• Tap on your Profile at the top right corner. 
• Scroll down to the Available Updates section and tap the Update All button. 

9. Check Storage Space

Most of us are aware that iPhones tend to lag when running extremely low on storage space. If you haven’t already, please check the free storage space on your iPhone. If it is low, we suggest uninstalling apps or unused media files to free up storage space as it might help fix the lag or stutters on your iPhone. 

• Open Settings on your iPhone and head to the General option.

• The next screen will display the amount of occupied and total storage space on your iPhone. You can delete apps that you don’t use often to free up storage space on your iPhone. 
• Tap on any app you want to delete.

Also, in case your iPhone displays a “Recommendations” option, tap on it and follow the recommended actions to free up storage space. The quickest way to empty storage space is to use a maintenance tool. One of the most popular apps is the Intego Washing Machine because it fully declutters your iPhone and increases its health significantly.

10. Factory Reset iPhone

If none of the aforementioned methods help resolve the issue, the last option you’re left with is to factory reset your iPhone. Please refer to our guide on How to Factory Reset Your iPhone for detailed instructions. 

We hope this guide helps fix your iPhone lagging after the iOS 17.5.1 update. If you have any doubts, please let us know in the comments below. 

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• Darryl Dsouza

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What are browser developer tools?

Every modern web browser includes a powerful suite of developer tools. These tools do a range of things, from inspecting currently-loaded HTML, CSS and JavaScript to showing which assets the page has requested and how long they took to load. This article explains how to use the basic functions of your browser's devtools.

Note: Before you run through the examples below, open the Beginner's example site that we built during the Getting started with the Web article series. You should have this open as you follow the steps below.

How to open the devtools in your browser

The devtools live inside your browser in a subwindow that looks roughly like this, depending on what browser you are using:

How do you pull it up? Three ways:

• Windows: Ctrl + Shift + I or F12
• macOS: ⌘ + ⌥ + I

• Chrome: More tools ➤ Developer tools
• Safari: Develop ➤ Show Web Inspector. If you can't see the Develop menu, go to Safari ➤ Preferences ➤ Advanced , and check the Show Develop menu in menu bar checkbox.
• Opera : Developer ➤ Developer tools
• Context menu: Press-and-hold/right-click an item on a webpage (Ctrl-click on the Mac), and choose Inspect Element from the context menu that appears. ( An added bonus: this method straight-away highlights the code of the element you right-clicked.)

The Inspector: DOM explorer and CSS editor

The developer tools usually open by default to the inspector, which looks something like the following screenshot. This tool shows what the HTML on your page looks like at runtime, as well as what CSS is applied to each element on the page. It also allows you to instantly modify the HTML and CSS and see the results of your changes reflected live in the browser viewport.

If you don't see the inspector,

• Tap/click the Inspector tab.
• In Chrome, Microsoft Edge, or Opera, tap/click Elements.
• In Safari, the controls are not so clearly presented, but you should see the HTML if you haven't selected something else to appear in the window. Press the Style button to see the CSS.

Exploring the DOM inspector

For a start, right-click (Ctrl-click) an HTML element in the DOM inspector and look at the context menu. The available menu options vary among browsers, but the important ones are mostly the same:

• Delete Node (sometimes Delete Element ). Deletes the current element.
• Edit as HTML (sometimes Add attribute / Edit text ). Lets you change the HTML and see the results on the fly. Very useful for debugging and testing.
• :hover/:active/:focus . Forces element states to be toggled on, so you can see what their styling would look like.
• Copy/Copy as HTML . Copy the currently selected HTML.
• Some browsers also have Copy CSS Path and Copy XPath available, to allow you to copy the CSS selector or XPath expression that would select the current HTML element.

Try editing some of your DOM now. Double-click an element, or right-click it and choose Edit as HTML from the context menu. You can make any changes you'd like, but you cannot save your changes.

Exploring the CSS editor

By default, the CSS editor displays the CSS rules applied to the currently selected element:

These features are especially handy:

• The rules applied to the current element are shown in order of most-to-least-specific.
• Click the checkboxes next to each declaration to see what would happen if you removed the declaration.
• Click the little arrow next to each shorthand property to show the property's longhand equivalents.
• Click a property name or value to bring up a text box, where you can key in a new value to get a live preview of a style change.
• Next to each rule is the file name and line number the rule is defined in. Clicking that rule causes the dev tools to jump to show it in its own view, where it can generally be edited and saved.
• You can also click the closing curly brace of any rule to bring up a text box on a new line, where you can write a completely new declaration for your page.

You'll notice a number of clickable tabs at the top of the CSS Viewer:

• Computed : This shows the computed styles for the currently selected element (the final, normalized values that the browser applies).
• Box Model : represents visually the current element's box model, so you can see at a glance what padding, border and margin is applied to it, and how big its content is.
• Grid : If the page you are inspecting uses CSS Grid, this section allows you to view the grid details.
• Fonts : In Firefox, the Fonts tab shows the fonts applied to the current element.

Find out more

Find out more about the Inspector in different browsers:

• Firefox Page inspector
• Chrome DOM inspector (Opera's inspector works the same as this)
• Safari DOM inspector and style explorer

The JavaScript debugger

The JavaScript debugger allows you to watch the value of variables and set breakpoints, places in your code that you want to pause execution and identify the problems that prevent your code from executing properly.

To get to the debugger:

Chrome : Open the Developer tools and then select the Sources tab. (Opera works the same way.)

Safari : Open the Developer Tools and then select the Debugger tab.

Exploring the debugger

There are three panes in the JavaScript Debugger on Firefox.

The first pane on the left contains the list of files associated with the page you are debugging. Select the file you want to work with from this list. Click on a file to select it and view its contents in the center pane of the Debugger.

Source code

Set breakpoints where you want to pause execution. In the following image, the highlight on the number 18 shows that the line has a breakpoint set.

Watch expressions and breakpoints

The right-hand pane shows a list of the watch expressions you have added and breakpoints you have set.

In the image, the first section, Watch expressions , shows that the listItems variable has been added. You can expand the list to view the values in the array.

The next section, Breakpoints , lists the breakpoints set on the page. In example.js, a breakpoint has been set on the statement listItems.push(inputNewItem.value);

The final two sections only appear when the code is running.

The Call stack section shows you what code was executed to get to the current line. You can see that the code is in the function that handles a mouse click, and that the code is currently paused on the breakpoint.

The final section, Scopes , shows what values are visible from various points within your code. For example, in the image below, you can see the objects available to the code in the addItemClick function.

Find out more about the JavaScript debugger in different browsers:

• Firefox JavaScript Debugger )
• Microsoft Edge Debugger
• Chrome Debugger
• Safari Debugger

The JavaScript console

The JavaScript console is an incredibly useful tool for debugging JavaScript that isn't working as expected. It allows you to run lines of JavaScript against the page currently loaded in the browser, and reports the errors encountered as the browser tries to execute your code. To access the console in any browser:

If the developer tools are already open, click or press the Console tab.

This will give you a window like the following:

To see what happens, try entering the following snippets of code into the console one by one (and then pressing Enter):

Now try entering the following incorrect versions of the code and see what you get.

You'll start to see the kind of errors that the browser returns. Often these errors are fairly cryptic, but it should be pretty simple to figure these problems out!

Find out more about the JavaScript console in different browsers:

• Firefox Web Console
• Chrome JavaScript Console (Opera's inspector works the same as this)
• Safari Console
• Debugging HTML
• Debugging CSS

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Clear cookies and site data in Firefox

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Give Firefox a tune up

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Cookies are stored on your computer by websites you visit and contain information such as site preferences or login status. This article describes how to delete Firefox cookies, other site data and cached web content .

• If you just want to clear the Firefox cache, see How to clear the Firefox cache .
• To clear your browsing history, cookies and temporarily cached files at once, see Delete browsing, search and download history on Firefox .
• To prevent websites from storing cookies on your computer, see Block websites from storing cookies and site data in Firefox .

Table of Contents

• 1 Clear cookies for the current website
• 2 Clear cookies for any website
• 3 Clear all cookies, site data and cache
• 4 Clear all cookies and keep other data

Clear cookies for the current website

To delete cookies and site data for a website you're currently visiting:

• Click Clear Cookies and Site data .

Clear cookies for any website

To delete cookies for any single website:

• Click the Manage Data… button. The Manage Cookies and Site Data dialog will appear.
• To remove all cookies and storage data for the website, click Remove All Shown .
• To remove selected items, select an entry and click Remove Selected .
• Click Save Changes .
• In the Removing Cookies and Site Data confirmation dialog that opens, click OK .
• Close the about:preferences page.

To learn more about managing site data in Firefox, see Manage local site storage settings and Enhanced Cookie Clearing .

Clear all cookies, site data and cache

• Select the Privacy & Security panel and go to the Cookies and Site Data section.
• Cookies and Site Data (to remove login status and site preferences) and Cached Web Content (to remove stored images, scripts and other cached content) should both be check marked.
• Click Clear .

Clear all cookies and keep other data

To delete only cookies while keeping other data, do the following:

• Select Cookies and make sure that other items you want to keep are not selected.
• Click OK Clear Now to clear all cookies and close the Clear All History window.

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