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Legal Issues in the Travel Industry: Liability, Regulation, and Consumer Rights

Welcome to our blog post exploring the legal landscape of the travel industry! As globetrotters and adventurers, it’s important to be aware of the potential legal issues that may arise during our travels. From liability concerns to industry regulations and consumer rights, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the legal aspects that impact our experiences as travelers. Whether you’re a frequent flyer or a first-time explorer, join us as we delve into the complexities of the travel industry and gain valuable insights into how to navigate its legal challenges.

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Liability Issues in the Travel Industry related to Legal Issues in the Travel Industry: Liability, Regulation, and Consumer Rights

The ever-present liability puzzle.

In today’s dynamic travel industry, where boundaries are constantly shifting, liability issues have emerged as a primary concern for both service providers and travelers. The interplay between legal frameworks, regulations, and consumer rights presents a complex puzzle for industry stakeholders to navigate. This article aims to unravel the enigma surrounding liability in the travel sector, shedding light on its various dimensions.

Liability Frameworks: The Foundation of Accountability

Liability in the travel industry is primarily governed by a diverse range of legal frameworks, including international conventions, national legislation, and contractual agreements. These frameworks aim to establish responsibility, determine fault, and provide remedies in cases of harm or misconduct.

International Conventions: A Global Safety Net

International conventions, such as the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, play a pivotal role in the travel landscape. They provide a unified liability framework for airlines and passengers, ensuring clarity and consistency in cases of accidents, delays, or damages.

National Legislation: A Patchwork of Protections

At the national level, countries implement their own laws and regulations to address liability concerns in the travel industry. These laws cover various aspects, including hotel safety, tour operator responsibilities, and transport accidents. Travelers must familiarize themselves with the specific legislation of their destination to understand their rights and potential recourse.

Regulation: Balancing Safety and Industry Interests

Regulatory bodies, both at the national and international levels, play a crucial role in upholding safety standards, monitoring compliance, and resolving disputes. Their primary objective is to strike a delicate balance between consumer protection and the sustainability of the travel industry.

Enhancing Safety: A Fundamental Imperative

Regulations pertaining to liability often revolve around ensuring the safety and well-being of travelers. Adequate safety measures, risk management protocols, and quality assurances are critical components of this regulatory landscape. Strict compliance with these regulations is essential not only for traveler protection but also for the long-term viability of the industry.

Consumer Rights: Empowering the Traveler

Consumer rights legislation forms an integral part of the regulatory framework surrounding liability in the travel sector. These rights cover areas such as fair pricing, transparency of terms and conditions, and access to accurate information. Travelers need to be aware of their rights and the mechanisms available for recourse in case of unsatisfactory experiences.

As the travel industry continues to evolve and grow, liability issues remain a constant challenge. Industry stakeholders must navigate through the intricate web of legal frameworks, regulations, and consumer rights to ensure a fair and safe travel experience for all. By understanding the foundations of liability, providers and travelers can work together towards a responsible and accountable travel industry.

Regulation of the Travel Industry: Legal Issues Explored

Liability in the travel industry.

In the world of travel, understanding liability is paramount for both service providers and consumers. A seamless experience is the common goal, but accidents and mishaps are not unheard of. So, who is responsible when things go awry?

1. Service Providers:

Travel agencies, airlines, and accommodation providers all have a legal duty to ensure the safety and well-being of their customers. They must deliver on their promises, ensuring that the services they offer are as described and meet industry standards. Failure to do so may result in liability for any damages incurred.

2. Consumers:

On the other hand, travelers also have a level of responsibility when it comes to their own safety. They must exercise reasonable care, follow guidelines, and act responsibly to avoid situations that could lead to harm. Ignoring established rules and regulations could diminish the liability of service providers.

Regulation in the Travel Industry

As with any industry, the travel industry requires regulation for smooth operations and to protect consumer rights. Regulatory bodies play a crucial role in monitoring and enforcing compliance to ensure a fair and safe environment for all parties involved.

1. Government Regulations:

Governments worldwide have specific regulations in place for the travel industry. These regulations encompass various areas, such as safety standards, visa requirements, and consumer protection. The aim is to prevent fraudulent practices, ensure fair competition, and protect travelers from exploitation.

2. International Agreements:

In addition to national regulations, international agreements between countries contribute to the regulation of the travel industry. These agreements address important topics like open skies policies, visa waivers, and mutual recognition of safety standards. They create a framework that promotes cooperation and facilitates travel between nations.

Consumer Rights in the Travel Industry

Consumer rights are a fundamental aspect of the legal framework governing the travel industry. Travelers are entitled to certain rights and protections to ensure a fair and satisfactory experience.

1. Right to Accurate Information:

Consumers have the right to receive accurate and truthful information about the services they are contracting. Travel providers must disclose all relevant details, including costs, itinerary changes, and any potential risks or limitations associated with the travel.

2. Right to Compensation:

In cases where a service provider fails to meet their obligations, consumers may be entitled to compensation. This can include reimbursement for expenses incurred due to service-related issues or even compensation for inconvenience caused.

3. Right to Safety:

The safety of travelers should always be a top priority. Service providers must take reasonable measures to ensure the well-being of their customers and address any safety concerns promptly.

In conclusion, the travel industry operates within a legal framework that regulates liability, sets industry standards, and protects consumer rights. Both service providers and consumers have roles to play in ensuring safety and the smooth functioning of the industry. By understanding and complying with these legal provisions, the travel experience can be made more secure and enjoyable for all.

The travel industry is a realm where consumers encounter various legal issues, including liability concerns, regulatory compliance, and the protection of their rights. It is imperative for both travelers and travel providers to understand these legal matters to ensure a safe and satisfactory experience.

Liability is a significant legal concern in the travel industry. Travel providers, such as airlines, hotels, and transportation companies, have a duty of care towards their customers. This means that they are responsible for ensuring the safety and well-being of their passengers throughout the travel process.

When a travel provider fails to fulfill their duty of care and a traveler suffers harm as a result, the provider may be held liable for any damages incurred. Examples of liability in the travel industry include accidents caused by negligent transportation operators, injuries due to unsafe hotel premises, and lost or damaged luggage.

The travel industry is subject to various regulations that aim to protect consumers’ rights and ensure fair business practices. Regulatory bodies, such as the Department of Transportation in the United States, enforce rules to hold travel providers accountable.

Regulations cover areas such as airline passenger rights, consumer protection laws, and fair travel advertising practices. These regulations help establish minimum standards for service quality, pricing transparency, and dispute resolution.

Consumer rights are a fundamental aspect of the legal framework in the travel industry. Travelers have the right to accurate and transparent information regarding their trip, including prices, services offered, and any restrictions or additional fees.

Furthermore, consumers have the right to expect services that meet reasonable expectations. This includes clean and safe accommodations, timely transportation, and appropriate customer service. If the travel provider fails to deliver the promised services or breaches these rights, consumers have legal recourse to seek compensation or resolution.

Consumer rights also encompass protection against unfair practices, such as deceptive advertising, hidden charges, or discriminatory treatment. Travel providers must adhere to these rights to maintain a trustworthy reputation and avoid potential legal consequences.

In conclusion, understanding the legal issues surrounding consumer rights, liability, and regulation in the travel industry is crucial for both travelers and travel providers. By knowing their rights and responsibilities, consumers can have a safer and more satisfying travel experience, while travel providers can ensure compliance with legal standards and maintain customer satisfaction.

4. Legal studies related to the travel industry

Introduction.

The travel industry, a thriving sector that provides individuals with the means to explore and experience new destinations, is bound by a complex web of legal regulations. These legal intricacies ensure that travelers’ rights are protected and companies are held accountable for their actions. In this article, we will delve into three key legal issues: liability, regulation, and consumer rights, and their implications for the travel industry.

Liability refers to the legal responsibility of travel companies for any harm caused to their customers. In the event of accidents or injuries during a trip, it is vital to determine who should be held accountable. Companies are responsible for ensuring the safety of their customers by adhering to safety regulations, maintaining proper equipment, and providing adequate warnings.

Regulation plays an essential role in ensuring the fair and ethical operation of travel companies. Regulations cover various aspects, including licensing requirements, health and safety standards, and environmental protection. These regulations hold companies accountable and ensure that they operate within the boundaries of the law, providing travelers with a safe and secure experience.

Consumer rights are of paramount importance in the travel industry. Travelers have the right to accurate and transparent information regarding the services they are purchasing. For instance, companies must disclose any hidden fees or restrictions for cancellations before a customer makes a booking. In cases of flight delays or cancellations, travelers have the right to compensation and assistance.

In conclusion, legal issues in the travel industry revolve around liability, regulation, and consumer rights. Companies must ensure the safety of their customers and be held accountable for any harm caused. Regulation ensures fair and ethical practices are followed, protecting both travelers and the environment. Finally, consumer rights protect the interests of travelers, ensuring transparency and fair treatment. By understanding these legal aspects, travelers can empower themselves and make informed decisions when embarking on their journeys.

References:

• Travel Law: Cases, Materials, and Problems; by K. L. Campbell and P. L. McMahon (2016)
• Travel Law: Rights and Regulation; by A. Leggat (2019)

In conclusion, the travel industry is subject to various legal issues surrounding liability, regulation, and consumer rights. It is crucial for both travel companies and consumers to be aware of their rights and responsibilities to ensure a safe and fair travel experience. While liability and regulation create a framework for accountability, consumer rights play a vital role in protecting individuals from unfair practices. By staying informed, advocating for their rights, and working together, industry stakeholders can navigate these legal issues and contribute to a more transparent and secure travel industry for everyone involved.

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Travel & tourism law: What you need to know in 2021

Tourism and hospitality are intimately linked with rules and regulations. It helps to guarantee that tourists and industry personnel work in a decent and equal environment.

The travel and tourism sector encompasses a wide range of commercial operations such as transportation, accommodation, entertainment, meals, and retail goods. This established area of the American economy accounts for 2.9 % of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country and openly employs 5.7 million persons. While employment and real output in travel and tourism have grown in recent years, they have not entirely recovered from the 2007-2009 crisis. In this context, Congress will consider reauthorizing or extending the Travel Promotion Act of 2009, which launched a nationwide promotion and marketing push to attract overseas tourists to spend time in the US. In the post-world war II era, the global travel and tourism industry grew to become a significant economic area for many countries. According to the WTTC, global travel and tourism activities directly supported more than 100 million employments in 2012, and this figure is expected to rise to 125 million by 2023. International struggle for tourists is extreme. In 1980, Europe and North America were the world's top tourist destinations, accounting for more than 80% of the worldwide market. 

Over the previous several decades, there have been a considerable number of researches created on the specific issue of tourism activities, with an emphasis on the internal movements of tourism. However, legal scientific study on the nature of tourist regulation is still in its early stages. Furthermore, managers of hospitality and tourist-related firms must grasp not just the day-to-day operations of their organization, but also the legal elements of hospitality and tourism management as a whole.

Types of tourism Tourism includes a wide range of activities, as user partialities have shifted from mass tourism, which is characterized by a huge number of persons seeking travel and cultural involvements parallel to their own, to unusual methods of tourism, which emphasize a greater level of contact between host and tourist. The following are some of the main or fast-rising tourist sectors: Heritage and culture tourism, Medical tourism, Conventions, Ecotourism, Agriculture tourism, Space tourism.

What is tourism law and why do we need this? The primary goal of tourism law is to create a regulatory framework for the correct use, development, and control of tourist activities, which is backed by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Essentially, the existence of the legislation will aid in the preservation of cultural traditions as well as the conservation of natural resources, among other social, political, and economic benefits. Furthermore, passengers and other stakeholders might benefit from fundamental legal protection via transparent processes. Nowadays, well-liked countries in the sector are battling to keep an eye on and implement practical legislation to safeguard tourist activities and ensure advantages derived from them. Tourism law is an exclusive field of laws that combines basic government laws with rules particular to the travel and hospitality industries. The goal of travel laws, according to the American law policy , is to provide a legal framework for the appropriate growth and control of tourism operations. Tourism laws are a mash-up of state, federal, and international laws that govern many parts and activities of the tourism sector. Travel law, for example, may include everything from hospitality community health guidelines to employment. The primary goal of tourism law is to offer an unbiased and equal atmosphere for travelers and travel organizations. For instance, tourism law comes into performance when it comes to products and facilities supplied, as well as circumstances where rules are in place to guarantee restaurants serve safe food and have safe premises.

The travel law The law of travel or travel law refers to the regulations that control both corporate and individual behavior in the travel industry, whereas international law of travel refers to the laws, processes, agreements, and treaties that control international travel. Travel law is a somewhat specialized topic of law that might be particularly intriguing since it may require pursuing a claim in a foreign jurisdiction. It addresses a wide range of difficulties, such as international accident litigation, contractual recovery processes against foreign suppliers, package travel regulations, and international and national regulatory compliance. According to the Lawrina.com online website, the objective is to promote legal principles such as public law, tort law, trust law, employment law, and contract law, as well as to govern international travel law. Contract law, employment law, tourism and hospitality practices, antitrust restrictions, regulatory and agency compliance, and knowledge of particular international agreements and treaties are all included into international travel law to provide a comprehensive set of rules for the travel industry. 

Hospitality industry and hospitality law Hotels, casinos, and resorts are examples of hospitality service industries that provide comfort and assistance to strangers, whether commercial or non-commercial.  Hospitality also gives rise to the phrases hospital, hospice, and hostel, and these institutions retain a stronger sense of personal care. Hospitality ethics is the study of how people use hospitality. 

The corpus of law dealing with the foodservice, travel, and hotel sectors is known as hospitality law. That is, it is the corpus of legislation that governs the specifics of hotels, restaurants, bars, spas, country clubs, meeting and conference planners, and other businesses. Hospitality law encompasses more than one aspect of the law. It covers a wide range of practice areas, including contracts, antitrust, tort law, and others. For instance, every hotel or restaurant must follow safety of food and rules to maintain the pureness of the food served to consumers. Eateries must follow proper food control, and violations can result in a court complaint or a fine. Hotel management is responsible for ensuring that their premises are safe to live in and use in the lodging sector:

• Travel and Tourism law makes and describes seven simple concepts:
• It is a legal right to travel.
• Transportation that is both dependable and safe must be easily available.
• Lodgings should be available to all travelers.
• The traveler must be accommodated in a safe and appropriate manner.
• Travel and lodging expenses must be affordable.

Conclusion Tourism and hospitality are intimately linked with rules and regulations. It helps to guarantee that tourists and industry personnel work in a decent and equal environment. Because it is also necessary for company owners to grasp it in order to prevent a legal complaint or penalties.

Main photo by Edward Lich from Pixabay

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Travel and Tourism Law: Protecting Consumer Travel Rights

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Understanding Your Rights Here and Abroad

When planning a vacation, travel and tourism law is probably the furthest thing from your mind. Websites and brochures filled with beautiful images entice us to place deposits, book airline tickets, and start packing right away. Travel and tourism laws come to the forefront, however, when the destination ends up less beautiful than at first thought.

The United Nations’ World Tourism Organization describes travel and tourism law as a type of regulatory framework for proper management and development of tourism activities . The goal is to protect natural resources and community culture, while at the same time protecting travel consumers’ rights.

Travel and tourism laws protect more than just travelers’ rights, however. This broad field of regulation frequently involves:

• Tourism and hospitality procedures
• Employment issues
• Regulatory and agency compliance
• Antitrust rules
• Knowledge of certain international treaties

Uniform enforcement of tourism laws is often difficult, however, due to the sheer volume of tourists. Poorer countries frequently lack the resources to protect tourists from unscrupulous businesses or criminals who prey upon foreign visitors.

“Seller of Travel” Laws

Tourism is big business in Florida, with more than one million visitors in 2017 and an economic impact of over $100 billion in 2016. The tourism industry employs more than 1.4 million people statewide.

Florida is among several states that maintain “seller of travel” laws—the other states include Iowa, Hawaii, Nevada, California, and Washington. These laws require anyone who provides travel-related services to register with the state. Businesses must also display their registration number on their advertising to potential clients. The purpose of such a law is to protect travelers from fraud or exploitation.

Three Common Travel & Tourism Laws

1.  Lost or damaged luggage is one of the most frustrating issues travelers face abroad. What many travelers don’t realize, however, is just how complex handling lost luggage can be; depending on the case, luggage issues can involve the Department of Transportation, the federal government, or even international treaties.

2. Consumer disclosure notices —sometimes referred to as disclaimers—protect tourism businesses by clearly outlining any risks to consumers. Geared toward the adventure travel industry, these documents include clauses regarding:

• Assumption of risks
• Limitations of liability
• Acknowledgment of risks

In general, consumers are less likely to be protected when they knowingly engage in high-risk behavior; it is important for business to provide, and consumers to thoroughly understand, a full accounting of the risks inherent to a particular activity , destination, or event.

3. The full-fare advertising rule applies to ads that quote a specific price or that include airfare in a tour package price. The price advertised is the price the consumer must pay—if the cost of the ticket is more than the advertised price, then the advertisement is in violation of the full-fare advertising rule.

Call The Florida Law Group if You Were Cheated During Your Vacation

Traveling, whether for business or leisure, provides you with the opportunity to experience new places, cultures, people, and ideas. Whether it’s within your own state or an international trip, a change of scenery should always be a positive experience; while travel is not without challenges, there is nonetheless no place for needless risk. Travelers need to be aware of common pitfalls, including:

• Misrepresented lodging
• Adventure attractions with no disclaimers
• Lost or damaged luggage
• An increase over advertised airfare prices

If you’ve encountered experiences like these on a business trip or vacation experience, call 813-463-8880 to discuss how you may be entitled to compensation. The Florida Law Group has decades of combined experience defending the rights of American travelers both at home and abroad. For a free case review with one of our skilled associates, call or contact us online today.

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Commerce Committee Approves Bipartisan Tourism Legislation

Omnibus package would create a united front against the negative impacts of covid-19 on the travel and tourism industries, december 15, 2021.

WASHINGTON  – U.S. Sens. Roger Wicker, R-Miss., ranking member of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, and Jacky Rosen, D-Nev., chair of the Subcommittee on Tourism, Trade, and Export Promotion, along with Sens. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., Roy Blunt, R-Mo., Dan Sullivan, R-Alaska, Rick Scott, R-Fla., Kyrsten Sinema, D-Ariz., Angus King, I-Maine, and Catherine Cortez Masto, D-Nev., today released the following statements after the committee approved the Omnibus Travel and Tourism Act of 2021. The legislation includes provisions to study the impacts of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry, elevate travel and tourism matters at the U.S. Department of Commerce, and facilitate international travel and set visitation goals for international travelers to the U.S.

“The COVID-19 pandemic devastated the travel and tourism industry and, consequently, led to severe impacts on our economy,” said Wicker. “There was nearly $500 billion in lost travel spending, resulting in $64 billion in missed federal, state, and local tax revenue since the beginning of March. It may take years to restore travel and tourism to its pre-pandemic levels. However, this legislation would help protect the travel and tourism industries from the ongoing impacts of the pandemic. I thank my colleagues in joining me to help this sector heal and prosper once again.”

“Restoring the travel and tourism industry to its full potential is a top priority, and I’m glad to see our legislative package has passed the Senate Commerce Committee with strong bipartisan support,” said Rosen. “Over the past two years, tourism has been hit hard in Nevada and across the country because of COVID-19. This bipartisan package will take important steps to enhance air travel health and safety, enact a comprehensive study on the pandemic’s impact on the industry, and better coordinate our national travel and tourism strategy across federal agencies. I will continue working across the aisle to ensure the full Senate passes this legislation quickly to support our businesses and bring back good-paying jobs.”

“From Lake Superior to the Mall of America, Minnesota is home to exceptional tourist destinations—but as travel has been limited during the coronavirus pandemic, the tourism industry has been hit particularly hard,” Klobuchar said. “This bipartisan legislation will help support the travel and tourism industry, which will boost local economies across the country. Now that it has passed the Commerce Committee, I look forward to it passing the full Senate and being signed into law.”

“From hotel clerks and restaurant workers to flight attendants and tour guides, the travel and tourism industry supports millions of good-paying jobs in communities across the nation,” said Blunt. “At a time when the industry continues to face significant challenges, I’m glad this bill includes the Protecting Tourism in the United States Act, which I introduced with Senator Amy Klobuchar, to help travel and tourism bounce back sooner and emerge stronger than before. I urge my colleagues to back this bipartisan bill that will enhance support for the tourism industry and all of those whose livelihoods depend on it.”

“Travel and tourism are critical engines of our national economy, supporting millions of jobs and generating billions of dollars for communities across the country, including in Alaska. Those jobs and revenues were absolutely decimated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and many have still not returned,”  said Sullivan . “In order to realize a full recovery from the pandemic, the tourism industry—like other major economic sectors—deserves an advocate at the highest levels of the federal government to coordinate a whole-of-government strategy. This is an idea my team and I came up with five years ago, and I appreciate Chairwoman Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, and my committee colleagues for incorporating the  Visit America Act  into the committee’s bipartisan ‘Tour Bus’ package. I am hopeful we can get this legislation to the President’s desk soon and support the hard-working small business owners in the travel and tourism economy.”

“While Americans are working hard to recover from COVID-19, our nation’s travel and tourism industries are critical to supporting small businesses, fueling job growth and getting our economy fully re-opened,” said Scott. “The Commerce Committee’s passage of the  Tourism Omnibus Act  today is great news and an important step forward to safely and fully bring back the tourism industry after the devastating impacts of the pandemic. As Ranking Member of the Tourism, Trade, and Export Promotion Subcommittee, I’m proud to see this important piece of legislation, which is the product of many hearings in our Subcommittee this year, continue to move forward in the Senate. We heard from small businesses and employees to better understand how Congress can be helpful to their industry’s recovery.   I’ll continue working to support our tourism industry in Florida and across our nation, and I thank my colleagues for their bipartisan support of this bill.”

“Our bipartisan legislation will help revitalize Arizona’s tourism and travel industry in its recovery from the pandemic – creating jobs and economic opportunities for Arizonans,” said Sinema.

“Nevada is a world class tourism destination, and I’ll always champion our hospitality and travel sector that supports hundreds of thousands of jobs across our state,”  said Cortez Masto. “That’s why I worked with my colleagues and tourism representatives to help craft this bipartisan legislation with vital support for the industry - including bills to promote international tourism and implement better health and safety protocols to keep visitors safe during the pandemic and beyond. Nevada sets the gold standard in hospitality, and I’ll keep working to ensure we can strengthen our economy and safely welcome everyone who wants to experience the Silver State.”

“Each year, millions of visitors from around the globe come to Maine to experience our picturesque coastline, lush forests, awe-inspiring mountains, and a taste of the Way Life Should Be”  said King. “These visits and visitors support Maine’s seasonal economy, and many of our state’s small businesses have built their business models around the busy summer season. COVID-19 was a difficult reminder of how vulnerable this vital sector of our economy is to sudden shifts in consumer demand. In order to protect these small businesses and the communities that rely on them, we have to invest in the resiliency of the tourism economy. The TourBus legislation, which includes my bipartisan  Visit America Act,  will streamline a patchwork of government efforts under one federal office, enabling us to marshal federal resources to help our tourism industry bounce back from the COVID-19 pandemic stronger than ever.”

The Omnibus Travel and Tourism Act includes the following pieces of legislation:

• S.1947, Visit America Act: Sullivan and Sen. Brian Schatz, D-Hawaii, originally introduced the Visit America Act in the 116th Congress and reintroduced the legislation in the 117 th Congress. The Visit America Act would authorize an Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Travel and Tourism position in the Department of Commerce and establishes a travel and tourism advisory board in order to execute a COVID-19 recovery strategy.
• S.115, Protecting Tourism in the United States Act:  Introduced by Klobuchar and Blunt, this bill would require the Department of Commerce to lead a study of the pandemic’s effects on the travel and tourism industry and identification of policy recommendations to assist the hard-hit industry. 
• S.343, Fly Safe Canine COVID Detection Act of 2021: Scott and Sinema introduced the Fly Safe Canine COVID Detection Act of 2021 in the 117 th Congress. This legislation requires the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to conduct a feasibility study on the use of canine units to detect the presence of COVID-19.
• H.R.4094, One-Stop Pilot Program Act of 2021: This legislation would establish a pilot program to allow international passengers from designated foreign airports to avoid rescreening in the U.S. for connecting flights. In collaboration with Customs and Border Protection, TSA would designate the foreign airports and ensure they have comparable security standards.
• S.82 Ensuring Health Safety in the Skies Act of 2021: Sens. Ed Markey, D-Mass., Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Wicker introduced the Ensuring Health Safety in the Skies Act of 2021 during the 117 th Congress. The legislation would require the Department of Transportation, the Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Health and Human Services to form a joint task force on air travel during and after the COVID-19 public health emergency. The same text passed the Senate by unanimous consent in the 116 th Congress.

Click here to read the bill as filed. Click here for the Rosen substitute. Click here for the adopted amendments.

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Updated Fact Sheets on Economic Impact of Travel

Ntto updates on economic impact of travel.

The International Trade Administration’s National Travel and Tourism Office provides an updated overview of the state of the travel and tourism industry as shown in four fact sheets.

Fast Facts : Economic impact of the travel and tourism industry, international trade, global market share, top source markets for arrivals and travel exports (2021 and 2022 data).

Travel and Tourism Exports : Size and share of U.S. travel exports, top export markets (2022 data).

Travel Trade by Category : Composition of U.S. travel exports, growth per-component, exports, imports and balance by component, top 5 countries by component: exports, imports, surplus, and deficit (2022 data).

Travel and Tourism Satellite Account (TTSA) : Travel and tourism output and employment, value added, output, demand components, and top sectors supported by travel and tourism (2021 data).

To access additional NTTO fact sheets, please visit: International Travel and Tourism Research

Check Out All International Travel and Tourism Research

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Executive Order on Promoting COVID- ⁠ 19 Safety in Domestic and International   Travel

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: 

Section 1.  Policy.  Science-based public health measures are critical to preventing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by travelers within the United States and those who enter the country from abroad.  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Surgeon General, and the National Institutes of Health have concluded that mask-wearing, physical distancing, appropriate ventilation, and timely testing can mitigate the risk of travelers spreading COVID-19.  Accordingly, to save lives and allow all Americans, including the millions of people employed in the transportation industry, to travel and work safely, it is the policy of my Administration to implement these public health measures consistent with CDC guidelines on public modes of transportation and at ports of entry to the United States.   

Sec. 2.  Immediate Action to Require Mask-Wearing on Certain Domestic Modes of Transportation.

(a)  Mask Requirement.   The Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Secretary of Transportation (including through the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)), the Secretary of Homeland Security (including through the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard), and the heads of any other executive departments and agencies (agencies) that have relevant regulatory authority (heads of agencies) shall immediately take action, to the extent appropriate and consistent with applicable law, to require masks to be worn in compliance with CDC guidelines in or on: 

(i)    airports; 

(ii)   commercial aircraft; 

(iii)  trains; 

(iv)   public maritime vessels, including ferries; 

(v)    intercity bus services; and

(vi)   all forms of public transportation as defined in section 5302 of title 49, United States Code.

(b)  Consultation.   In implementing this section, the heads of agencies shall consult, as appropriate, with interested parties, including State, local, Tribal, and territorial officials; industry and union representatives from the transportation sector; and consumer representatives.

(c)  Exceptions.   The heads of agencies may make categorical or case-by-case exceptions to policies developed under this section, consistent with applicable law, to the extent that doing so is necessary or required by law.  If the heads of agencies do make exceptions, they shall require alternative and appropriate safeguards, and shall document all exceptions in writing.

(d)  Preemption.  To the extent permitted by applicable law, the heads of agencies shall ensure that any action taken to implement this section does not preempt State, local, Tribal, and territorial laws or rules imposing public health measures that are more protective of public health than those required by the heads of agencies. 

(e)  Coordination.  The Coordinator of the COVID-19 Response and Counselor to the President (COVID-19 Response Coordinator) shall coordinate the implementation of this section.  The heads of agencies shall update the COVID-19 Response Coordinator on their progress in implementing this section, including any categorical exceptions established under subsection (c) of this section, within 7 days of the date of this order and regularly thereafter.  The heads of agencies are encouraged to bring to the attention of the COVID-19 Response Coordinator any questions regarding the scope or implementation of this section.

Sec. 3.  Action to Implement Additional Public Health Measures for Domestic Travel. 

(a)  Recommendations.   The Secretary of Transportation (including through the Administrator of the FAA) and the Secretary of Homeland Security (including through the Administrator of the TSA and the Commandant of the Coast Guard), in consultation with the Director of CDC, shall promptly provide to the COVID-19 Response Coordinator recommendations concerning how their respective agencies may impose additional public health measures for domestic travel.

(b)  Consultation.   In implementing this section, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall engage with interested parties, including State, local, Tribal, and territorial officials; industry and union representatives from the transportation sector; and consumer representatives.  

Sec. 4.  Support for State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Authorities.  The COVID-19 Response Coordinator, in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation and the heads of any other relevant agencies, shall promptly identify and inform agencies of options to incentivize, support, and encourage widespread mask-wearing and physical distancing on public modes of transportation, consistent with CDC guidelines and applicable law.

Sec. 5.  International Travel. 

(a)  Policy.   It is the policy of my Administration that, to the extent feasible, travelers seeking to enter the United States from a foreign country shall be: 

(i)   required to produce proof of a recent negative COVID-19 test prior to entry; and 

(ii)  required to comply with other applicable CDC guidelines concerning international travel, including recommended periods of self-quarantine or self-isolation after entry into the United States.

(b)  Air Travel.  

(i)    The Secretary of HHS, including through the Director of CDC, and in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation (including through the Administrator of the FAA) and the Secretary of Homeland Security (including through the Administrator of the TSA), shall, within 14 days of the date of this order, assess the CDC order of January 12, 2021, regarding the requirement of a negative COVID-19 test result for airline passengers traveling into the United States, in light of subsection (a) of this section.  Based on such assessment, the Secretary of HHS and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall take any further appropriate regulatory action, to the extent feasible and consistent with CDC guidelines and applicable law.  Such assessment and regulatory action shall include consideration of: 

(A)  the timing and types of COVID-19 tests that should satisfy the negative test requirement, including consideration of additional testing immediately prior to departure; (B)  the proof of test results that travelers should be required to provide; (C)  the feasibility of implementing alternative and sufficiently protective public health measures, such as testing, self-quarantine, and self-isolation on arrival, for travelers entering the United States from countries where COVID-19 tests are inaccessible, particularly where such inaccessibility of tests would affect the ability of United States citizens and lawful permanent residents to return to the United States; and (D)  measures to prevent fraud.

(ii)   The Secretary of HHS, in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation (including through the Administrator of the FAA) and the Secretary of Homeland Security (including through the Administrator of the TSA), shall promptly provide to the President, through the COVID-19 Response Coordinator, a plan for how the Secretary and other Federal Government actors could implement the policy stated in subsection (a) of this section with respect to CDC-recommended periods of self-quarantine or self-isolation after a flight to the United States from a foreign country, as he deems appropriate and consistent with applicable law.  The plan shall identify agencies’ tools and mechanisms to assist travelers in complying with such policy.

(iii)  The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of HHS (including through the Director of CDC), the Secretary of Transportation (including through the Administrator of the FAA), and the Secretary of Homeland Security, shall seek to consult with foreign governments, the World Health Organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Air Transport Association, and any other relevant stakeholders to establish guidelines for public health measures associated with safe international travel, including on aircraft and at ports of entry.  Any such guidelines should address quarantine, testing, COVID-19 vaccination, follow-up testing and symptom-monitoring, air filtration requirements, environmental decontamination standards, and contact tracing.  

(c)  Land Travel.  The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of HHS, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Director of CDC, shall immediately commence diplomatic outreach to the governments of Canada and Mexico regarding public health protocols for land ports of entry.  Based on this diplomatic engagement, within 14 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of HHS (including through the Director of CDC), the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit to the President a plan to implement appropriate public health measures at land ports of entry.  The plan should implement CDC guidelines, consistent with applicable law, and take into account the operational considerations relevant to the different populations who enter the United States by land.

(d)  Sea Travel.  The Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Commandant of the Coast Guard and in consultation with the Secretary of HHS and the Director of CDC, shall, within 14 days of the date of this order, submit to the President a plan to implement appropriate public health measures at sea ports.  The plan should implement CDC guidelines, consistent with applicable law, and take into account operational considerations.  

(e)  International Certificates of Vaccination or Prophylaxis.  Consistent with applicable law, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of HHS, and the Secretary of Homeland Security (including through the Administrator of the TSA), in coordination with any relevant international organizations, shall assess the feasibility of linking COVID-19 vaccination to International Certificates of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) and producing electronic versions of ICVPs.  

(f)  Coordination.  The COVID-19 Response Coordinator, in consultation with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and the Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, shall coordinate the implementation of this section.  The Secretary of State, the Secretary of HHS, the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall update the COVID-19 Response Coordinator on their progress in implementing this section within 7 days of the date of this order and regularly thereafter.  The heads of all agencies are encouraged to bring to the attention of the COVID-19 Response Coordinator any questions regarding the scope or implementation of this section.

Sec. 6.  General Provisions.   (a)  Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i)   the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii)  the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b)  This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(c)  This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

THE WHITE HOUSE, January 21, 2021.

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Travel Industry Attorney

The travel industry in this country and abroad is based on more than just escapism..

The industry is vibrant, dynamic, and offers its customers new and exciting experiences. It is also highly-competitive, presenting a wide-array of legal obstacles in the form of regulation, liability, contractual obligations, and other multifaceted challenges. 



Our attorneys have a wide-ranging background in virtually every aspect of the travel industry. The Ment Law Group, PC is at the forefront to deliver all-inclusive legal services to our clients, including tour operators, travel agents, airlines, cruise companies, hotels, travel associations, rental companies, rail and coach operators, and event organizers. Call our travel industry lawyers today at 866-MENT-LAW or submit a request online for information about how we can help you.

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Legal Representation Through Complex Situations

Although people seek companies in the tourism industry to provide them with leisure experiences, the businesses in this field often face difficult legal situations. You must maintain a favorable disposition and express that the customer is always right. However, in reality, problems occur that require a quick response and efficient defense.

The Ment Law Group, PC has helped clients that are building a tourism enterprise from the ground up as well as established companies seeking corporate legal assistance. We can help you develop operational policies and legal documents, submit compliance reports, and guide you through any emergent situation that might occur.

Common Legal Questions & Answers in the Tourism Industry

Legal issues are common in the tourism industry. Whether you need someone to guide your ongoing corporate strategy or if you have immediate questions that need answers, we can help. Some of the most common question that we encounter include:

Which laws apply to my travel business?

There are many state, federal, and international laws that address the tourism industry. In many situations, those regulations protect consumers instead of the businesses involved in providing tourist services. Many rules are made by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT); however, every country has an agency that addresses tourism. If you are in a specialized field, such as ecotourism, volunteer tourism, or student travel, you may have to comply with laws made by other government agencies as well.

Do I have to register to sell travel?

Yes, there are several states that require registration if you plan to sell to residents of those states. It does not matter if the tour is going to one of the states that require registration – the test is whether the guest is from one of those states.

What Is the Biggest Risk for a Tour Operator?

A number of legal issues face tour operators. The number one area of concern is how the vendors and suppliers are selected. In other words, the vetting or due diligence will become the main issue in litigation arising out of an injury to a guest.

What kind of release or waiver should I use and are they enforceable?

As a business in the tourism industry, you need to have releases and waivers that cover your operation in case of emergency situations. In general, releases and waivers that are tailored to the specific activity and risk are enforceable. There are many exceptions, so always remember to check local laws for any state-specific language that may be needed. Also, particular attention must be paid to tours that are more adventuresome – certain warnings and language should be in the document.

How Much Insurance Should a Tour Operator Have?

All tour operators should have insurance coverage based on the type of worst-case scenario claim that could happen. You should consider the following:

• How many guests are traveling at the time?
• What are the areas of most concern?
• How much coverage are the vendors required to have?

Legal Issues in the Tourism Industry

Our travel attorneys have extensive experience in the tourism industry. Attorney Jeffrey Ment is intimately familiar with travel law. He earned his bachelor’s degree in business administration-marketing. In addition, he has worked in the travel industry in various capacities, including as a travel agent, a tour guide, and in the sales and marketing departments for two airlines. Attorney Misty Percifield also has a background in tourism as a hotel manager. With their hands-on experience, Jeff and Misty understand your focus and can help you achieve your goals.

Jeffrey L. Ment

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Companies in the travel industry must adhere to an array of regulations established in federal, state, and international laws. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) imposes regulations relating to advertising and other components of travel. Seller of travel laws address those who offer travel services, and organizations such as the Airlines Reporting Corporation (ARC) and International Air Transport Association (IATA) handle transactions involving specific industries within the field of tourism. When dealing with these agencies, it’s best to seek legal assistance from a travel lawyer who understands common regulation and compliance issues and who has worked with these regulators.

The travel industry is built on contracts, from agreements with vendors to guest terms and conditions. Nearly everyone involved in travel encounters a contract as some point in the chain of service. Similarly, policies are embedded in all aspects of the field. Contracts and policies establish provision of service as well liability for incidents. When developing your documents, you should consult with a legal advisor who is familiar with travel and can guide you to form effective instruments.

In the travel industry, you cannot control all variables. Sometimes an emergency situation occurs. However, you can be prepared with proper risk assessment and exigency training. The Ment Law Group, PC can help you develop a crisis management plan and policies that address various situations that your employees may face. We can also help you effectively handle a situation after it arises. It’s important to act quickly and positively represent your organization in a crisis situation. We offer around the clock support for our clients.

Dispute Resolution and Litigation

Disagreements involving services, contracts, employment, customers, and more are common in the business world. Effective dispute resolution requires skilled legal assistance to negotiate, bargain, and achieve agreements that benefit everyone involved. We routinely represent travel companies in litigation and arbitration proceedings relating to claims of serious injury and death that have occurred around the world, including Africa, Antarctica, Europe, the Caribbean, Mexico, and the United States. We can help you avoid liability and maintain a positive reputation as you resolve disagreements.

Employment Issues

Travel is one of the world’s fastest growing industries, with more than 6 million jobs in the United States as of 2016. Employment issues arise frequently, often involving complex labor policies, government regulations, and international laws. With personal experience working in several different tourism fields, our travel attorneys can help you manage any human resource challenge that arises.

UN Tourism | Bringing the world closer

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International Code for the Protection of Tourists

As a fundamental frame of reference for the recovery of tourism in post COVID-19 era, the International Code for the Protection of Tourists (ICPT) provides a set of minimum international standards for the protection of tourists in emergency situations and consumer rights of tourists.

Addressed to governments, public and private stakeholders and tourists themselves, the ICPT aims at restoring consumers’ confidence and making the travel environment more attractive by creating a feeling of safety for tourists/travelers and improving the contractual relationships between providers and recipients of the various tourism services.

Adopted by resolution 732 (XXIV) of the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism), the ICPT provides practical guidance as to policy, legislation and regulatory practices for all those, in the public and private sector, who have obligations, responsibilities, duties and rights regarding the matters dealt with therein.

"We can only restart tourism if we restore trust in travel. People want to feel safe and looked after when they travel. " Zurab Pololikashvili, UN Tourism Secretary-General

Introduction

The COVID-19 crisis has revealed the absence of an international legal framework to assist international tourists in emergency situations and a lack of uniformity at the international level regarding tourism consumer protection rights.

During the crisis, the closure of borders with little or no notice left hundreds of thousands of tourists stranded abroad, with millions of flights being cancelled and the situation soon deteriorating. Many of these travellers were left in a foreign environment without assistance, including safety and security, health services and consular assistance, and sometimes without sufficient resources to meet their basic needs, such as food and shelter. The lack of clarity regarding one another’s obligations, duties, and responsibilities to provide care and assistance in emergency situations created great uncertainty around tourists’ rights, impacting negatively on the confidence of tourists in international travel.

This experience has highlighted significant failings in the current legal and regulatory frameworks, and the existing disparities regarding the consumer rights of tourists from country to country. Moreover, the introduction of measures such as vouchers and the boom of new digital tourism services without a clear, transparent, and harmonized framework, along with the sharp increase of litigation in travel and tourism disputes, present additional challenges for restoring consumers’ confidence.

In order to support the recovery of the tourism sector, the ICPT was created with a view to restoring tourist confidence by developing and harmonizing minimum international standards, and providing sufficient guarantees for the protection of international tourists in the post COVID-19 world.

The ICPT comprises five chapters relating respectively and including recommendations on:

CHAPTER ONE: Definitions and Clarifications

CHAPTER ONE comprises an open and non-exhaustive list of definitions applicable throughout the ICPT, as well as a set of clarifications on terms and conditions therein contained.

CHAPTER TWO: Assistance to International Tourists in Emergency Situations

CHAPTER TWO looks at the development of minimum international standards for the protection of tourists in emergency situations. It provides guidance to States on prevention of emergencies, information, assistance and repatriation of international tourists in emergency situations including but not limited to pandemics.

CHAPTER THREE: Tourists’ Protection in Contracts

CHAPTER THREE aims at the development and harmonization of minimum international standards for the protection of tourists as consumers, with a focus on the contractual protection and consumer rights of tourists, in both emergency and non-emergency situations. Moreover, it includes a set of principles for the protection of tourists in the online tourism environment in relation to the new digital tourism services, with a view to ensuring a safe approach and use of online tourism platforms and prevention of any abuse thereof.

CHAPTER FOUR: International Settlement of Travel and Tourism Disputes via Alternative Means of Dispute Resolution

CHAPTER FOUR focuses on alternative means for the resolution of travel and tourism disputes at the international level, in order to avoid the massive increase of litigation resulting from the crisis of the tourism sector and to provide tourists with flexible and efficient mechanisms for the amicable resolution such disputes, in an expeditious and fair manner and without discrimination of any kind.

Adherence to the ICPT

Although the ICPT is a voluntary instrument of a non-legally binding nature , it features a set of mechanisms for adherence to ICPT by States , for monitoring and reporting on its application within their countries, as well as for the evaluation and interpretation of its principles and recommendations.

In accordance with its Chapter Five, States are required to adhere to the ICPT fully or partially and to express their willingness to apply its principles and recommendations within their country through a formal notification to the Secretary-General of the UN Tourism. 

Private Stakeholders

The ICPT addresses private tourism stakeholders directly and encourages them to uphold and promote the principles of the ICPT. In particular, tourism service providers are encouraged to commit to the ICPT, uphold its principles and apply its relevant recommendations, so far as possible, by integrating them or make specific reference to them in their contractual instruments signed with tourists. Applying ICPT recommendations will contribute to increasing tourists trust and confidence when booking a trip or tourism service.

Background of the ICPT

The ICPT was called for in a decision of the UN Tourism Executive Council, meeting in Tbilisi, Georgia, in 2020. In less than a year, the Committee for the development of an International Code for the Protection of Tourists (‘ICPT Committee’) was established and a draft proposal for the ICPT was developed, in consultation with a group of independent experts and a number of observers from a diverse range of public and private stakeholders, and submitted to the UN Tourism General Assembly, who adopted it by consensus at its 24th session held in Madrid, Spain, in December 2021.  

In its resolution 732(XXIV), the General Assembly calls upon the Member States of both UN Tourism and the United Nations to adhere to the Code,  and invites them to inform the Secretary-General in respect of their intention to adhere thereto and subsequently of any specific activities undertaken in this respect.

Related links

• Resolution 732 (XXIV) of the UN Tourism General Assembly
• Presentation on the International Code for the Protection of Tourists
• Recommendations for the Assistance to International Tourists in Emergency Situations
• Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) – Introduction to International Tourism and Travel Law

*Kindly note that this is not a complaint box, please do not address costumer complaints to the ICPT Secretariat.

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UK Consumer Law: travel industry faces tough crackdown with enhanced powers given to regulators to impose hefty fines

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This article was first published by Travel Weekly on 14 July 2023.

The travel industry is braced for a transformation in the way in which consumer protection law is enforced in the UK.

The purpose of these changes is to give regulators the ability to impose eye-watering fines so as to encourage better compliance with consumer protection law and to punish those which do not.  As the CEO of the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has recently stated, the new law “ has the potential to be a watershed moment in the way the CMA protects consumers in the UK ”.

It is clearly something which the travel industry should take seriously.

The travel industry is subject to a broad range of consumer protection law. There are specific laws which apply to the sale of package holidays, as well as general laws which require customer terms and conditions to be fair, for sales and marketing practices not to mislead and for consumers to be dealt with fairly before, during and after the sale of a holiday.

Historically, the enforcement toolbox of regulators has lacked the sharp implements needed to punish non-compliance and make other businesses take note and ensure that they are compliant. 

We are used to such action in relation to data privacy, but not for other consumer protection law. The regulators have long called for the means to enforce the law effectively in this area. That wish is about to be granted.

Imposition of fines by the CMA for non-compliance with consumer law

Consumer protection law is currently enforced by means of criminal and civil enforcement powers. The former is extremely rare, whereas the latter is what has most commonly been used by the CMA, for instance when investigating the practices of hotel booking websites in 2019, and when investigating the failure of some travel companies to pay refunds during the Covid-19 pandemic. 

These civil enforcement powers may ultimately lead to the regulator initiating a civil court case to force the travel company to comply with consumer law, but more commonly such action is settled without the need for a court claim by the travel company providing undertakings to the regulator to comply with consumer law.  Either way, the process can be time consuming and expensive for the regulator, as is any process which involves bringing a case in the civil courts.

Under new powers set out in the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Bill (DMCC), the CMA will be able to short-circuit the court process and decide for itself whether there has been a breach of consumer law and what the travel company must do (such as stopping the infringing behaviour and compensating any affected customers). In addition, and for the first time, the CMA will be able to impose substantial fines for non-compliance.

These new rules will apply no matter where the business is located provided that they are directing their commercial practices to consumers in the UK.

How fines will be calculated

The CMA will be able to impose fines of up to 10% of relevant turnover or £300,000 (whichever is higher). The relevant turnover in this regard will include the UK and overseas turnover of the travel company, as well as the turnover of any company which is controlled by the travel company (e.g. a subsidiary) and any company which controls the travel company (e.g. a parent).  Clearly, this has the potential to be very significant indeed, particularly for those travel companies which are part of a larger group of companies.

In addition to imposing fines for non-compliance with consumer law, the CMA will be given the power to impose turnover-based fines on travel companies if they: (i) fail to comply with orders made by the CMA; (ii) fail to comply with an undertaking given to the CMA; and (iii) fail properly to assist the CMA during its investigation.

Liability for individuals

In order further to encourage compliance with consumer protection law, the DMCC also allows the CMA to take action and impose the turnover-based fines described above on directors, managers, secretaries or other persons which control a business if they consented or connived in the breach of consumer protection law. Directors and other senior employees will therefore be in the firing line for non-compliance with consumer protection law.

Additional powers given to other regulators

In addition to the creation of a new enforcement mechanism for the CMA, it is worth noting that the existing civil enforcement mechanism (described above) is being refreshed so that regulators such as the CAA and Trading Standards can ask the court to impose fines for non-compliance with consumer law or undertakings previously given by the relevant business. The maximum size of the fine is the same as that described above for the CMA.

What should travel companies do?

The DMCC is currently working its way through Parliament and is not expected to become law until 2024.

Given the punitive sanctions to be faced by travel companies for non-compliance with consumer protection law, they would be well advised to take steps now to ensure that they are not a target for the regulators.

This includes auditing the travel company’s marketing practices, sales techniques, customer terms and conditions and compliance with the Package Travel Regulations. Those that do not, risk being one of the first targets for the CMA and CAA when they look to use their new powers.

Rhys Griffiths

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Biden-Harris Administration Announces Final Rule Requiring Automatic Refunds of Airline Tickets and Ancillary Service Fees

Rule makes it easy to get money back for cancelled or significantly changed flights, significantly delayed checked bags, and additional services not provided  

WASHINGTON – The Biden-Harris Administration today announced that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has issued a final rule that requires airlines to promptly provide passengers with automatic cash refunds when owed. The new rule makes it easy for passengers to obtain refunds when airlines cancel or significantly change their flights, significantly delay their checked bags, or fail to provide the extra services they purchased.

“Passengers deserve to get their money back when an airline owes them - without headaches or haggling,” said U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg . “Our new rule sets a new standard to require airlines to promptly provide cash refunds to their passengers.”  

The final rule creates certainty for consumers by defining the specific circumstances in which airlines must provide refunds. Prior to this rule, airlines were permitted to set their own standards for what kind of flight changes warranted a refund. As a result, refund policies differed from airline to airline, which made it difficult for passengers to know or assert their refund rights. DOT also received complaints of some airlines revising and applying less consumer-friendly refund policies during spikes in flight cancellations and changes. 

Under the rule, passengers are entitled to a refund for:

• Canceled or significantly changed flights: Passengers will be entitled to a refund if their flight is canceled or significantly changed, and they do not accept alternative transportation or travel credits offered. For the first time, the rule defines “significant change.” Significant changes to a flight include departure or arrival times that are more than 3 hours domestically and 6 hours internationally; departures or arrivals from a different airport; increases in the number of connections; instances where passengers are downgraded to a lower class of service; or connections at different airports or flights on different planes that are less accessible or accommodating to a person with a disability.  
• Significantly delayed baggage return: Passengers who file a mishandled baggage report will be entitled to a refund of their checked bag fee if it is not delivered within 12 hours of their domestic flight arriving at the gate, or 15-30 hours of their international flight arriving at the gate, depending on the length of the flight.  
• Extra services not provided: Passengers will be entitled to a refund for the fee they paid for an extra service — such as Wi-Fi, seat selection, or inflight entertainment — if an airline fails to provide this service.

DOT’s final rule also makes it simple and straightforward for passengers to receive the money they are owed. Without this rule, consumers have to navigate a patchwork of cumbersome processes to request and receive a refund — searching through airline websites to figure out how make the request, filling out extra “digital paperwork,” or at times waiting for hours on the phone. In addition, passengers would receive a travel credit or voucher by default from some airlines instead of getting their money back, so they could not use their refund to rebook on another airline when their flight was changed or cancelled without navigating a cumbersome request process.  

The final rule improves the passenger experience by requiring refunds to be:

• Automatic: Airlines must automatically issue refunds without passengers having to explicitly request them or jump through hoops.   
• Prompt: Airlines and ticket agents must issue refunds within seven business days of refunds becoming due for credit card purchases and 20 calendar days for other payment methods.  
• Cash or original form of payment: Airlines and ticket agents must provide refunds in cash or whatever original payment method the individual used to make the purchase, such as credit card or airline miles. Airlines may not substitute vouchers, travel credits, or other forms of compensation unless the passenger affirmatively chooses to accept alternative compensation.    
• Full amount: Airlines and ticket agents must provide full refunds of the ticket purchase price, minus the value of any portion of transportation already used. The refunds must include all government-imposed taxes and fees and airline-imposed fees, regardless of whether the taxes or fees are refundable to airlines.

The final rule also requires airlines to provide prompt notifications to consumers affected by a cancelled or significantly changed flight of their right to a refund of the ticket and extra service fees, as well as any related policies.

In addition, in instances where consumers are restricted by a government or advised by a medical professional not to travel to, from, or within the United States due to a serious communicable disease, the final rule requires that airlines must provide travel credits or vouchers. Consumers may be required to provide documentary evidence to support their request. Travel vouchers or credits provided by airlines must be transferrable and valid for at least five years from the date of issuance.

The Department received a significant number of complaints against airlines and ticket agents for refusing to provide a refund or for delaying processing of refunds during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. At the height of the pandemic in 2020, refund complaints peaked at 87 percent of all air travel service complaints received by DOT. Refund problems continue to make up a substantial share of the complaints that DOT receives.

DOT’s Historic Record of Consumer Protection Under the Biden-Harris Administration

Under the Biden-Harris Administration and Secretary Buttigieg, DOT has advanced the largest expansion of airline passenger rights, issued the biggest fines against airlines for failing consumers, and returned more money to passengers in refunds and reimbursements than ever before in the Department’s history.

• Thanks to pressure from Secretary Buttigieg and DOT’s flightrights.gov dashboard, all 10 major U.S. airlines guarantee free rebooking and meals, and nine guarantee hotel accommodations when an airline issue causes a significant delay or cancellation. These are new commitments the airlines added to their customer service plans that DOT can legally ensure they adhere to and are displayed on flightrights.gov .  
• Since President Biden took office, DOT has helped return more than $3 billion in refunds and reimbursements owed to airline passengers – including over $600 million to passengers affected by the Southwest Airlines holiday meltdown in 2022.   
• Under Secretary Buttigieg, DOT has issued over $164 million in penalties against airlines for consumer protection violations. Between 1996 and 2020, DOT collectively issued less than $71 million in penalties against airlines for consumer protection violations.  
• DOT recently launched a new partnership with a bipartisan group of state attorneys general to fast-track the review of consumer complaints, hold airlines accountable, and protect the rights of the traveling public.  
• In 2023, the flight cancellation rate in the U.S. was a record low at under 1.2% — the lowest rate of flight cancellations in over 10 years despite a record amount of air travel.  
• DOT is undertaking its first ever industry-wide review of airline privacy practices and its first review of airline loyalty programs.

In addition to finalizing the rules to require automatic refunds and protect against surprise fees, DOT is also pursuing rulemakings that would:

• Propose to ban family seating junk fees and guarantee that parents can sit with their children for no extra charge when they fly. Before President Biden and Secretary Buttigieg pressed airlines last year, no airline committed to guaranteeing fee-free family seating. Now, four airlines guarantee fee-free family seating, and the Department is working on its family seating junk fee ban proposal.  
• Propose to make passenger compensation and amenities mandatory so that travelers are taken care of when airlines cause flight delays or cancellations.   
• Expand the rights for passengers who use wheelchairs and ensure that they can travel safely and with dignity . The comment period on this proposed rule closes on May 13, 2024.

The final rule on refunds can be found at https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer/latest-news and at regulations.gov , docket number DOT-OST-2022-0089. There are different implementation periods in this final rule ranging from six months for airlines to provide automatic refunds when owed to 12 months for airlines to provide transferable travel vouchers or credits when consumers are unable to travel for reasons related to a serious communicable disease. 

Information about airline passenger rights, as well as DOT’s rules, guidance and orders, can be found at   https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer .

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2022 state of the travel industry.

Washington, District of Columbia

2022 State of the Travel Industry:

U.S. Travel President & CEO Roger Dow and Executive Vice President for Public Affairs and Policy Tori Emerson Barnes delivered an exclusive update on the state of the American travel industry. U.S. Travel’s leadership laid out a vision for the future of travel—including both short and long term priorities that will have a significant impact on our industry in the coming months, years and decades. Click here to read the full prepared remarks. 

To view the press release, click here .

KEY TAKEAWAYS AND QUOTES

Laura Holmberg

202.408.2157

Is It Safe in Moscow?

Stanislav Solntsev / Getty Images

When you visit Moscow , Russia, you’re seeing one of the world’s largest, and most expensive, capital cities . While there is a history of violent crime against foreign journalists and aid personnel in Russia, a trip to Moscow is usually safe for mainstream travelers. Most tourists in Moscow only face potential issues with petty crime, though terrorism is also a concern. Visitors should stick to the principal tourist areas and abide by the local security advice.

Travel Advisories

• The U.S. Department of State urges travelers to avoid travel to Russia because of COVID-19 and to "exercise increased caution due to terrorism, harassment, and the arbitrary enforcement of local laws."  
• Anyone exploring more of Russia should avoid "The North Caucasus, including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus, due to terrorism, kidnapping,   and   risk of civil unrest." Also, travelers should stay away from "Crimea due to Russia’s occupation of the Ukrainian territory   and   abuses by its occupying authorities."  
• Canada states travelers should use a high degree of caution in Russia due to the threat of terrorism and crime.  

Is Moscow Dangerous?

The Moscow city center is typically safe. In general, the closer you are to the Kremlin , the better. Travelers mainly need to be aware of their surroundings and look out for petty crime. Be especially careful in tourist areas such as Arbat Street and crowded places like the Moscow Metro transit system. The suburbs are also generally fine, though it is advised to stay away from Maryino and Perovo districts.

Terrorism has occurred in the Moscow area, leading authorities to increase security measures. Be more careful at tourist and transportation hubs, places of worship, government buildings, schools, airports, crowds, open markets, and additional tourist sites.

Pickpockets and purse snatching happen often in Russia, perpetrated by groups of children and teenagers who distract tourists to get their wallets and credit cards. Beware of people asking you for help, who then trick you into their scheme. Don’t expect a backpack to be a safe bag bet; instead, invest in something that you can clutch close to your body or purchase a money belt . Always diversify, storing some money in a separate location so that if you are pickpocketed, you'll have cash elsewhere. Keep an eye out for thieves in public transportation, underground walkways, tourist spots, restaurants, hotel rooms and homes, restaurants, and markets.

Is Moscow Safe for Solo Travelers?

Large cities like Moscow in Russia are overall fairly safe if you are traveling alone, and the Moscow Metro public transit is a secure and easy way to get around. But it is still a good idea to follow basic precautions as in any destination. Avoid exploring alone at night, especially in bad areas. You may want to learn some basic Russian phrases or bring a dictionary, as many locals don't speak English. However, in case you need any help, there are tourist police that speak English. Also, exploring with other trusted travelers and locals or on professional tours is often a good way to feel safe.

Is Moscow Safe for Female Travelers?

Catcalling and street harassment are infrequent in Moscow and the rest of Russia and females traveling alone don't usually have problems. There are plenty of police officers on the streets as well. Still, it serves to stick to Moscow's well-lit, public areas, avoid solo night walks, and use your instincts. Women frequenting bars may take receive some friendly attention. Females can wear whatever they want, but those entering Orthodox churches will be required to cover up. Though women in Russia are independent, domestic violence and other inequality issues take place regularly.

Safety Tips for LGBTQ+ Travelers

Russia is not known as a gay-friendly country. However, Moscow is one of the more welcoming cities with a blooming LGBTQ+ community and many friendly restaurants, bars, clubs, and other venues. Hate crimes in Russia have increased since the 2013 anti-gay propaganda law. Openly LGBTQ+ tourists in this conservative country may experience homophobic remarks, discrimination, or even violence, especially if traveling with a partner. Also, while women hold hands or hug publicly—whether romantically involved or not—men should avoid public displays of affection to prevent being insulted or other issues.

Safety Tips for BIPOC Travelers

Moscow  and other big cities in Russia have sizable populations of various cultures, so discrimination against BIPOC travelers is rarer than in other parts of the country where it can become dangerous. Some people living in Russia who are Black, Asian, Jewish, and from other backgrounds have experienced racial discrimination and violence. Tourists won't usually experience overt racism but may be the recipients of some stares. If anyone should bother you, be polite and resist being taunted into physically defending yourself.

Safety Tips for Travelers

Travelers should consider the following general tips when visiting:

• It's best not to drink the tap water. If you do, boil it before drinking, though showering is safe and the amount used to brush teeth is generally not harmful. Mineral water is widely drunk, especially at restaurants, and if you prefer not to have it carbonated ask for “ voda byez gaz” (water without gas).
• If you need emergency assistance in case of fire, terrorism, medical issues, or more, dial 112 in Russia for bilingual operators.
• Be judicious about taking photographs, especially of police or officials. This can potentially bring unwanted attention to yourself by members of law enforcement who won’t mind asking to see your passport. Also avoid snapping photos of official-looking buildings, such as embassies and government headquarters.
• Carry your passport in as secure a manner as possible. If you get stopped for any reason by the police, they can fine or arrest you if you don't have the document with you. Also, keep photocopies of your passport, the page on which your travel visa appears, and any other documents that relate to your stay in Russia.
• Use official taxis only and steer clear of illegal taxi companies, especially at night. Ask your hotel to call a reputable taxi company.

U.S. Department of State. " Russia Travel Advisory ." August 6, 2020.

Government of Canada. " Official Global Travel Advisories ." November 19, 2020.

Is It Safe in Peru?

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Is It Safe in Egypt?

Is It Safe in Sweden?

Is It Safe in Colombia?

Is It Safe in Jamaica?

Is It Safe in Germany?

Is It Safe in Iceland?

Is It Safe in Mexico?

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Is It Safe in Russia?

2020 Travel Warnings for Countries in Africa

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Moscow for everyone: Here's how to enjoy the Russian capital whatever your passion

Flanked by the imposing buildings of the Kremlin, the stepped granite blocks of Lenin’s Mausoleum and the fanciful onion domes of St Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow's Red Square is nothing short of legendary, but only a taste of what the Russian capital has to offer.

Manicured gardens and parks, brutalist monuments, quirky museums, open-air cinemas and glitzy boutiques co-exist in this storied city, which burst into the 21st century with a slew of restaurant openings and grand urban schemes.

Visitors have never had it so easy, with a raft of digital innovations designed to facilitate and enhance the tourist experience.

One such is the RUSSPASS , a new e-service that allows users not only to plan and book attractions in Moscow and across Russia, but also to create bespoke itineraries to suit every type of interest and budget. The RUSSPASS app is available in English and Spanish and allows tourists to buy e-tickets and to top up the balance of a Moscow transport card.

Beyond caviar and ballet

Moscow’s burgeoning gastronomic scene has been causing a stir locally and internationally. Published for the first time in 2021, the Michelin Moscow Guide awarded its prestigious stars to no fewer than nine of the city’s restaurants. A total of 69 restaurants were recommended, with three of them awarded ‘green stars’ for sustainability. Fifteen restaurants received the ‘Bib Gourmand’, which acknowledges excellent cooking at affordable prices.

Time-honoured haunts for blinis and caviar include the baroque Café Pushkin and the formidable soviet-themed Dr Zhivago , while the glass-domed White Rabbit , whose chef starred in Netflix's 'Chef's Table', continues to dazzle with creative twists on classic dishes. Also creating a stir is Twins Garden , which focuses on wildly inventive vegetable dishes and home-grown produce.

As the country emerges from the pandemic, music, theatre and exhibitions are also back on the agenda. A performance from the matchless Bolshoi Ballet has been a hot ticket since the 18th century, but the Bolshoi Theatre is just one of more than 700 Moscow cultural centers.

These include world-renowned palaces of art such as the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts , a remarkable collection bringing together masterpieces from every major Western movement as well as Egyptian antiquities.

Lesser-known but equally fascinating galleries lie all over the city. An offshoot of the Tretyakov Gallery, the New Tretyakov Gallery also focuses on modern Russian artists, and features works by Kandinsky, Chagall and Popova, among many others.

Moscow's wealth of parks and curious architecture make it a great place for children. The fairytale colours of buildings such as St Basil's Cathedral are every match for the architectural whimsy at Dream Island , a huge indoor theme park where cartoon characters wander through the crowds.

The shiplike Northern River Terminal, built in the 1930s in a Stalinist style, is also a favourite, and has recently undergone dramatic renovation. It now includes a wealth of children’s playgrounds, heating swimming pools and a winter ice rink.

Other ways to keep the little ones entertained include catching a movie at the Khudozhestvenny cinema or a trip on the Moskva River cable car. This vertiginous ride has panoramic views over the city, taking in the Moscow river, the Ostankino TV and radio tower and the skyscrapers of the business district.

These and other activities for children and families are laid out in the official city tourist portal, discovermoscow.com . Here you’ll find information on every type of attraction, from which animals can be petted at the VDNH city farm to the best street food snacks and where they can be found.

It’s a huge and colourful resource, covering the most obscure museums and secret parks, with suggestions for different days of the week and a blog-style news section. On a practical level it lays bare the transport system, COVID-19 protocols, Wi-Fi possibilities and where to hire bikes and scooters.

Rising to current challenges with innovation

Not only its attractions, but also Moscow’s enormous efforts to face the health crisis in practical and forward-thinking ways have been acknowledged on the international stage. In 2021 it has been nominated for both World’s Leading City Destination and Europe’s Leading City Destination at the World Travel Awards.”

The authorities’ support for the travel industry in troubled times has seen dozens of online events and international tourism conferences, as well as the launch of the Moscow Travel Hub, a collaborative platform to promote the creation and development of new products and services.

The spring of 2021 saw the Moscow Travel Hack, an extensive hackathon in which finalists were offered financial support for the implementation of their products, at a time when digital tourism solutions have never been so integral.

Digital tourists can use discovermoscow.com to take a virtual trip to the ballet or opera and even watch cooking or fashion shows. Together with the wealth of detail and endless images of the site, even armchair travellers can experience the wonders of Russia’s greatest metropolis.

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A Moscow state of mind

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The code as displayed herein is for reference purposes only. Accuracy and completeness are not guaranteed. 

For questions on enforcement of the Moscow City Code, please contact Code Enforcement at 208-883-7070.

To obtain the official version of any provision of this document, please contact:

Laurie M. Hopkins, City Clerk Moscow City Hall 206 E 3rd Street P.O. Box 9203 Moscow, ID 83843

All sections of the City Code are in .pdf format and you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view them. The Code has been updated through March 20, 2024.

Title 01-General

• Chapter 01 - Municipal Ordinances (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Corporate Limits (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Order Incorporating Municipality (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Corporate Seal (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Elections (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Official Newspaper (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Depositories (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Salaries (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Penalties (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - Records Management Policies and Procedures (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Emergency Powers (PDF)

Title 02 - Administration

• Chapter 01 - Mayor (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Council (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Appointments, Terms of Office, Bonds (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - City Supervisor (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - City Clerk (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - City Treasurer and Finance Director (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Chief of Police (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Fire Chief (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Public Works Director [REPEALED]
• Chapter 10 - City Attorney (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Human Resources Director [REPEALED]
• Chapter 12 - Community Development Director [REPEALED]
• Chapter 13 - Parks and Recreation Director [REPEALED]
• Chapter 14 - Deputy City Supervisor (PDF)

Title 03 - Commissions & Boards

• Chapter 01 - Board of Adjustment (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Planning and Zoning Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Parks and Recreation Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Arts Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Farmers Market Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Fair and Affordable Housing Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Board of Appeals (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Airport Board (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Sustainable Environment Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - Historic Preservation Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Transportation Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 12 - Human Rights Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 13 - Moscow Tree Commission (PDF)
• Chapter 14 - Moscow Pathways Commission (PDF)

Title 04 - Land Use Regulations (Zoning Code)

• Chapter 01 - General Provisions (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Zoning Districts (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Permitted Land Uses (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Bulk and Placement Regulations (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Flood Hazard Areas (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Supplementary Regulations (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Planned Unit Development (PUD) Option (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Appeals, Variances, Conditional and Special Uses (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Amendments (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - Public Hearing Procedures (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Administration and Enforcement (PDF)

Title 05 - Public Ways & Property

• Chapter 01 - Subdivisions (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Vacating Fees (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Sewers (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Water Regulations (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Restrictive Use of Water (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Excavations (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Sidewalks (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Community Forestry (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Removal of Snow and Ice (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - Public Lighting REPEALED (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Dust Suppressants (PDF)
• Chapter 12 - Dutch Elm Disease (PDF)
• Chapter 13 - City Parks (PDF)
• Chapter 14 - Tree Lawns (PDF)
• Chapter 15 - Stormwater Runoff Control (PDF)
• Chapter 16 - Portable Toilet Waste Discharge (PDF)
• Chapter 17 - Water Conservation (PDF)
• Chapter 18 - Public Art (PDF)
• Chapter 19 - Stormwater User Fees (PDF)

Title 06 - Mobile Home & Recreational Vehicle Parks

• Chapter 01 - Trailer Homes (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Manufactured Home Park (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Recreational Vehicle Park and Campgrounds (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - RESERVED (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Mobile Manufactured Homes Installation Code (PDF)

Title 07 - Construction Regulations

• Chapter 01 - International Building Code (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Uniform Plumbing Code (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - National Electrical Code (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - International Fuel Gas Code (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Street and House Numbering (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Signs (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Fire Prevention (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - RESERVED (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Cross-Connections; Water Supply (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - International Mechanical Code (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Building Relocation Code (PDF)
• Chapter 12 - International Existing Building Code (PDF)
• Chapter 13 - International Property Maintenance Code (PDF)
• Chapter 14 - Solid Fuel Heating Appliances (PDF)
• Chapter 15 - International Energy Conservation Code (PDF)
• Chapter 16 - International Residential Code (PDF)

Title 08 - Franchises & Private Utility Regulations

• Chapter 01 - Franchise Agreements (PDF)

Title 09 - Business Regulations

• Chapter 01 - General Licenses (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - RESERVED (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Peddlers, Solicitors and Canvassers (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Secondhand Dealers and Pawnbrokers (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Taxicabs (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Beer Regulations (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Liquor (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Wine (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Solid Waste (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - Moscow Day Care Ordinance (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Vendors (PDF)
• Chapter 12 - Sidewalk Cafe Regulations (PDF)

Title 10 - Police Regulations

• Chapter 01 - General Offenses (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Abandoned Containers (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Weapons (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Animals and Fowl (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Dogs and Other Animals (PDF)
• Chapter 06 - Rabies or Hydrophobia (PDF)
• Chapter 07 - Public Nuisances (PDF)
• Chapter 08 - Lost, Abandoned or Seized Property (PDF)
• Chapter 09 - Burglary and Robbery Alarms (PDF)
• Chapter 10 - Peeping Toms Prohibited (PDF)
• Chapter 11 - Noise Regulations (PDF)
• Chapter 12 - Noxious Weeds (PDF)
• Chapter 13 - Glue (PDF)
• Chapter 14 - Fair Housing (PDF)
• Chapter 15 - Junk Vehicles (PDF)
• Chapter 16 - Graffiti (PDF)
• Chapter 17 - Parade; Public Assembly (PDF)
• Chapter 18 - Unsolicited Publications (PDF)
• Chapter 19 - Non-Discrimination in Employment and Housing Practices (PDF)

Title 11 - Traffic

• Chapter 01 - Definitions, General Provisions and Penalties (PDF)
• Chapter 02 - Bicycles, E-bikes, E-scooters, and E-boards (PDF)
• Chapter 03 - Bicycles REPEALED (PDF)
• Chapter 04 - Infractions (PDF)
• Chapter 05 - Snow Removal Proclamation (PDF)