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Tragedy and courage: The collision between HMAS Melbourne and HMAS Voyager

Manoeuvring ships at sea is an exacting task, one that requires skill, experience and concentration and undertaking such exercises in night time conditions adds to the risk. Fifty-seven years ago, on the night of 10 February 1964 one such exercise went horribly wrong.

The Royal Australian Navy was undertaking routine exercises off Jervis Bay on the NSW south coast and was ending the day with night flying exercises for the aircraft of the carrier HMAS Melbourne . The Daring class destroyer HMAS Voyager (sister ship to the museum’s Vampire ) was in the role of plane guard, or rescue destroyer. Voyager ’s job was to pick up any airmen if the exercise went wrong and they crashed. It was also the destroyer’s job to stay clear of the aircraft carrier.

The exercises were going well until the start of the 8.40 pm manoeuvre. Melbourne ’s commanding officer Captain Robertson ordered Voyager to take its position – behind Melbourne and off to the port (left) side. At that stage Voyager was sailing just ahead of the carrier on the starboard (right) side. The vessel immediately turned to starboard as if to loop around behind the carrier into position; but then turned to port. The bridge crew on Melbourne thought it was going to turn to starboard again, undertaking a fishtail or zigzag course to slow its momentum. But by the time they realised Voyager was still turning to port – and therefore would pass in front of Melbourne – it was too late to avoid a collision.

Captain Robertson immediately ordered Melbourne full astern; Captain Stevenson ordered Voyager full ahead hard a starboard in a futile attempt to avoid each other. But the momentum and size of the carrier meant it was physically unable to slow or change course enough to avoiding hitting Voyager . And hit the destroyer it did – just aft of the bridge and slicing Voyager in two. The senior officers on the bridge of HMAS Voyager were killed on impact.

Within seconds Captain Robertson had ordered boats into the water, nets over the side of the carrier for survivors to clamber up and helicopters into the air. In this state of confusion, darkness and panic training swung into place and true heroes were made. The bow of Voyager had heeled sharply onto its starboard side and then turned upside down. Some 60 men were in the forward cafeteria and as water poured in they tried to get out through the escape hatches – but some wouldn’t open. The senior sailor of Voyager was Jonathan ‘Buck’ Rogers and he took control of the situation, sending sailors to hatches that would open and trying to open the jammed ones. When he realised that it was too late he was heard leading the men in prayer. The bow section sank completely in just under 10 minutes. Meanwhile the aft section stayed afloat, sinking slowly, until just after midnight.

Of the ship’s complement of 314, 82 men were never to return home.

The survivors who were plucked from the water were covered in fuel oil, vomiting, cut, bruised, and broken and in shock. Within 15 minutes the first survivors were being taken on board the carrier. Some were taken directly to HMAS Creswell in Jervis Bay while Melbourne steamed to Sydney.

In the decades that followed, public scrutiny of private lives and naval procedures kept the tragedy in the news. There were two Royal Commissions, the first acknowledging the lack of a proper lookout and response on the part of the Voyager bridge officers but also criticising the Melbourne bridge crew for not questioning the course Voyager was taking. The second Commission exonerated the Melbourne men – too late though for Captain Robertson who had resigned from the navy – and concluded the collision was due to a mistake by Voyager and that Captain Stevenson was medically unfit for command at the time. He had been suffering from a duodenal ulcer and was at times apparently self-medicating with alcohol. As none of Voyager ’s bridge officers survived the collision we may never know why the port course was taken.

After the Royal Commissions, the Naval Board put into place a series of reforms and safety changes on board ships and reviewed many of its policies and procedures. It was also made accountable to the wider government and public community.

For many of the men of Voyager and Melbourne and their families this has been an ongoing struggle. The survivors were given seven days’ leave, replacement uniforms and vouchers to get home. And then they returned to duty and were deployed to other RAN ships. Many suffered flashbacks and nightmares, anger and alcohol issues, problems with confined spaces and obsession with safety measures. Life was never the same again. Compensation claims were initially dismissed by the High Court but this was overruled in 1982. In the 1990s both Voyager and Melbourne men and their families pursued claims against the Government in court, with the last case being closed in 2009 – 45 years after the tragedy unfolded.

The men and women of the Royal Australian Navy work and train in an exacting and dangerous environment and deserve our respect. Today we mark the worst peacetime loss for our navy – may it never happen again.

Lindsey Shaw

Formerly ANMM Senior Curator, I retired after 27 years of service in 2013 and am now Honorary Research Associate.

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Voyager disaster: 'The coxswain said "Sorry lads, we're done for" and sang Abide With Me'

Exclusive: After 54 years Alan Hellier tells the story of his escape from Australia’s worst peacetime military disaster – and how he still believes the full truth is yet to come out

A lan Hellier still has the watch he was wearing on the night of Australia’s worst peacetime disaster in the military. It has been stopped since 8.54pm on 10 February 1964, the minute he was submerged in waters of the Pacific along with fellow crew members on HMAS Voyager, fearing – expecting – that he wouldn’t get out alive. He was probably the last to escape.

Hellier, a senior radio operator, had just finished his shift and was sitting at a table in the Voyager’s cafeteria when the destroyer was struck and cut in two by the much larger aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne. He heard a loud bang, and the force of the impact catapulted him towards the steel base of a gun, badly cutting his head.

The front section of the ship rolled over onto the side and then righted itself, but then water suddenly poured into the room. As the water level rose fast, it became clear the ship was sinking.

“The coxswain turned round and said, ‘I’m sorry, lads, we’re done for,’ and started singing Abide With Me,” says Hellier.

But Hellier had discovered a small hatch in a wall behind some lockers in the officers’ mess a few months earlier, when the ship had been in Williamstown dockyard during a refit. His head wound bleeding profusely, he made his way towards the hatch.

“The water was up to our waists when I decided to take off.

“I knew where there was a very small hatch. I headed for that because I thought I was small enough to fit through.

“It was bedlam. There were bodies everywhere and people screaming. They had drowned on impact because the water was rushing in and they got knocked over.”

The Voyager submerged and his watch stopped.

“People were in front of me. I helped push a couple in front of me through the hatch. I just said, ‘Go! Go! Go!’,” he said.

“I turned around and there was no one else coming out. One body floated past me. I was last out.”

Hellier surfaced and swam. “I got out and got myself free and then turned around. The bow was there, and it went down, and came up again. Then it went down forever. Once she bobbed the second time no one got out.

“It was a moonlight night. The water was warm.”

Eighty-two of the Voyager’s 314 crew were killed on impact or drowned, trapped in the bow section which sank only 10 minutes after the collision. The stern section of the ship remained upright and floated for about two hours, allowing other crewmen on board to jump into the ocean, swim to HMAS Melbourne and climb scramble nets onto the aircraft carrier.

The episode, off the coast of Jervis Bay in New South Wales , is infamous and the subject of two royal commissions. But Hellier still believes the full truth has not been uncovered.

The second royal commission was ordered in response to claims by a senior officer that Voyager’s captain Duncan Stephens, who died in the disaster, was frequently drunk and unfit to command the ship. In the hours before the collision, it emerged, Stephens ordered a triple brandy which a steward took to him. But Hellier says he knows the captain did not drink the brandy. “The triple brandy was for me.”

Hellier says he worked closely with the ship’s officers in the officers’ sea cabin, encrypting and decrypting messages. That day he vomited in the captain’s cabin and Hellier says the captain ordered the brandy for Hellier to settle his stomach. Hellier drank it. “I knew him well. I spoke to him every day at sea. I know he definitely never drank at sea and never on the bridge,” he said.

Hellier did not give evidence about the triple brandy to the royal commissions, claiming he was told by a lawyer to be very careful what he said in evidence.

“The QC said ‘You’ve got to be very careful what you say because you’ve got a lot of career to go in the navy and you’ve got a wife and young children and you’ve got to think of the good of the service’.”

Hellier says he understood the instruction as code for: “Be very careful what you say because it will come back to bite you on the arse.”

Now 81, Hellier lives in Brisbane. He has agonised in silence, bound for 50 years by the official secrets provisions he had to sign as a naval radio operator. But he is determined now to put the record straight as far as possible. He believes critical information was kept from the royal commissions, that faulty communications equipment may have been a contributing cause of the collision, and that the deaths of his fellow crewmen more than half a century ago may have been avoidable.

Hellier was one of the longest servicing crewmen on the Voyager at the time, a veteran of 10 years in the navy. He served in naval wireless stations in Canberra, Darwin and a British naval base in Singapore, he had sailed with the Voyager for 18 months before the collision, including nine months of exercises as ship’s main wireless officer plying from Japan to India. It was during this voyage that the Voyager’s UHF tactical primary radio circuit was plagued by unpredictable dropouts of its signal.

“We always had one problem with this transmitter,” he says. “The senior ship gives all the directions on that frequency for course and speed and to change positions.”

At the end of 1963, most of the crew left the Voyager . The ship was refitted at the Williamstown naval base and recruits were posted to the ship for training in 1964. It was there that Hellier discovered the hatch that saved him. During the refit, the UHF transmitter was taken off the ship for routine testing and returned approved for service, despite Hellier asking for it to be replaced.

“They only changed the aerials on it. The signal would just drop out,” he says.

When the Voyager put to sea in February 1964 Hellier says the tactical primary circuit was still faulty. Hellier’s knowledge of procedure also gives a clear indication that the manoeuvre during which the Voyager was crossing the path of the Melbourne at the time of the collision, was unprecedented.

Evidence given to the royal commissions indicates the Voyager was travelling away from the Melbourne to loop around to the right into its formation position, when it suddenly and inexplicably turned left, into the path of the Melbourne.

Hellier believes the cause of the collision could have been a misinterpretation of a course and speed direction given by the Melbourne, possibly complicated by a drop out of the radio signal. “The transmitter could have dropped off for a split second. The transmission could have been garbled,” he says.

If the Voyager had been given a course and speed that would steer it across the bow of the Melbourne, Voyager should have queried it because that was never done, he says.

If Voyager was directed to the other side of the ship, its procedure was to fall behind and move into the other position, not cross the bow of the larger ship, Hellier says.

“We had never been asked to cross the bow of an aircraft carrier. Very often they do give wrong directions. You always have to be on the ball when you’re working with a carrier. If you got that order, you’d automatically query it and ask the skipper.”

Hellier gave evidence to both of the royal commissions that were held into the disaster: the first within months of the collision, in 1964, and the second in 1967.

Although he was questioned, Hellier believes his evidence was disregarded because he was only 28 at the time, despite his having 10 years of experience in communications in the navy, and that his specialised knowledge of the Voyager’s communications systems was not adequately placed before the royal commissions.

After the collision, the Melbourne let down lifeboats for the Voyager survivors, and lowered scramble nets over the side for the sailors to climb up the side of the aircraft carrier. Hellier climbed into a lifeboat. It was half full of water, so he got out again and found another lifeboat. This one took him to the side of the Melbourne and he climbed the scramble net to safety. The bow of HMAS Melbourne was badly damaged but was seaworthy enough to steam slowly to Sydney.

From there, Hellier travelled by train to Brisbane, where he was reunited with his wife.

Voyager survivors were given a mere seven days survivor’s leave before being given new postings. Hellier was posted to sea on the navy frigate HMAS Quiberon and remained in the navy for 12 years, rising to the rank of a petty officer. He left the Navy when he could no longer cope with being in confined spaces. He became a postman for the rest of his career.

On 10 February at Jervis Bay, the Huskisson RSL will hold its annual reunion for Voyager survivors and the families of those who died. And in Brisbane, Hellier will gather with close friends who survived the Voyager disaster and remember those who perished without warning in the hell of those warm, moonlit waters.

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Naval Historical Society of Australia

Preserving Australia's Naval History

The Melbourne/Voyager Collision – Untold Story

Stephen, Kerry · Jun 21, 2009 · Print This Page

On 10th February 1964 the Search and Rescue (SAR) crews arrived at the Marine Section at the usual time, 0750, to have their coffee and prepare for another day’s work. Twenty four hours later two of those crews had saved the lives of seventy men from HMAS Voyager . Their experiences that night have never been publicly documented. This is the story of Air Nymph , one of the boats involved in the rescue operations that fateful night.

The Marine Section, HMAS Creswell was a rather unique organisation, because although it was located in, and administered by, Creswell , it was under the operational control of the Naval Air Station HMAS Albatross . As such, it worked the same hours as Albatross . When flying operations were being carried out in the Jervis Bay area by Albatross or HMAS Melbourne , it remained operationally ready until Albatross reported that fixed wing air operations had ceased for the day. Only then would the duty SAR crew stand down until the following day. This meant that, during squadron workup periods prior to embarkation in Melbourne , or during major naval exercises, the duty crew were often on duty in the Marine Section from 0600. until approximately midnight.

A ‘hot line’, which was directly connected to the Air Traffic Control tower (ATC) in Albatross , was located in the Marine Section Officers’ office. This ‘hot line’ was tested at 0900 every morning between the two stations to ensure that instant communications were available between the ATC and the Marine Section. Alongside the ‘hot line’ was an Emergency button. When pushed it activated an Air Raid siren which sounded throughout the whole of Creswell to recall off duty SAR crew members and also warn Creswell staff of an emergency taking place. It was an operational requirement that the duty SAR crew left within 10 minutes of any emergency being sounded.

Although the Marine Section operated four SARs, the complement allowed for three crews to man the boats as one SAR was usually undergoing refit in Garden Island Dockyard. Three of the vessels, Air Nymph , Air Faith and Air Chief were all wooden hulled American built ex-World War II air sea rescue craft. The fourth, Air Sprite , was built to the same design, in the 1950s, by Halvorsen’s Shipyard. They were powered by two Hall Scott Defender 630 HP V12 engines, with two fuel tanks holding 1200 gallons of super petrol, and during World War II operated at 33.5 knots. However, because of their high fuel consumption they were governed down to a maximum speed of 28 knots. A searchlight was fitted outboard each side of the bridge for communications or search purposes. Although only two officers were borne in the Marine Section complement, Sub Lieutenant Tony Vodic and myself, each crew consisted of an officer (Lieutenant/Sub Lieutenant) in command, a seaman Petty Officer, a radio operator, a Leading Seaman (LS)/Able Seaman (AB) electrical sailor, three AB Seamen branch, an LME (leading mechanical engineer),and two MEs (MTPs),

On 10th February 1964 only two SARs were based in Creswell, Air Sprite and Air Nymph . Both Air Chief and Air Faith were undergoing maintenance or refit in Garden Island Dockyard. The two boats were taken out for their usual morning run in Jervis Bay to ensure that they were fully operational. It was likely to be a busy day; Melbourne was carrying out flying operations with Voyager , the consort and rescue destroyer. Three minesweepers (MCMVs) were also due in Jervis Bay to carry out mine countermeasure (MCM) exercises.

The two SARs returned to the Marine Section wharf where they were refueled, and the crews then carried on with their normal ship husbandry and maintenance routines. At 1600 the standby crews departed at the end of the day’s work, leaving the duty crew led by Petty Officer Ron Budd in the Marine Section. Air Nymph was the duty boat and I was the Duty Officer for that night. The routine was as normal, the duty crew having dinner in the Marine Section galley while they waited for the cessation of flying operations.

It was anticipated it would be a quiet night so everyone relaxed in the mess facilities. About 2000 that evening noise was heard in the vicinity of the Creswell swimming pool on the waterfront. Several of the duty crew went out to the Marine Section wharf to see what was going on. It turned out to be an initiation ceremony for new entry Cadet Midshipmen so they returned to the mess, advising me accordingly.

The ‘hot line’

But it was not to be a quiet night! At 2057 the ‘hot line’ suddenly rang. I immediately answered the phone to hear the Albatross duty ATC officer say ‘ Melbourne and Voyager have collided in a position 20 miles from Point Perpendicular, on a bearing of 120 degrees, scramble the SARs’. I instantly hit the Emergency button, sounding the siren, and rushed downstairs to the crew mess where I told the duty crew that Melbourne and Voyager had collided and to prepare the duty boat, Air Nymph , to get underway immediately. The crew quickly responded, boarded the boat, started the engines and made preparations to sail. Fortunately, a Surgeon Lieutenant was in the vicinity of the Marine Section at that time, so I requested he board Air Nymph to provide medical assistance if required.

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Remembering the HMAS Melbourne/Voyager disaster

By Jayne Keogh, Naval Association of Australia

There are some things that you just can’t unsee. That was the case for the sailors aboard the armada of ships and aircraft dispatched to the scene of the Melbourne/Voyager collision on the night of 10 February 1964. They managed to rescue 232 of their mates, but at a terrible personal cost.

At its Monthly Ceremony on 24 February, the Naval Association of Australia wishes to highlight the service of members of the Royal Australian Navy first responders. We will commemorate crew members from HMAS Voyager (II ) (pictured) who paid the supreme sacrifice in the service of their country, and the persons who answered the call for assistance including HMA Ships Melbourne, Stuart, Hawk, Ibis, Curlew, Snipe and Teal and search and rescue (SAR) vessels from HMAS Creswell (Air Sprite and Air Nymph), air assets from Naval Air Station Nowra including Wessex and Sycamore helicopters, Gannets anti-submarine aircraft, Dakota aircraft, RAAF Neptune and HM submarine Tabard.

Their first sight was the massive hole ripped in Melbourne ’s bow, the half of Voyager still floating but sinking fast and life rafts full with shocked, injured, and deceased sailors.

This was the assault on the senses that 24-year-old Lieutenant Kerry Stephens faced when his command HMAS Air Nymph , a SAR vessel from HMAS Creswell arrived at the scene two hours after the collision. Nine minutes after the collision Kerry had answered the hotline call, hit the emergency siren and within two minutes Air Nymph was manned and heading out at 28 knots.

Defence Force personnel are highly trained to immediately shift into adrenaline overdrive in emergency situations, just to operate at maximum efficiency. It is widely acknowledged now the effects of trauma often comes later, sometimes decades later, with triggered memories accompanied by intense emotional and physical reactions.

It took Kerry 44 years to tell his story, and only after being pressured by his naval colleagues.

‘Many of the sailors swimming in the water were not wearing life jackets,’ he says. ‘Some could obviously see us as we approached, and calls were heard from groups of those in the water crying “ Over here, over here ”.

‘The survivors we pulled out were suffering shock, severe injuries and required medical treatment by our Surgeon Lieutenant on board. Most were covered in oil from their immersion in water and traumatised from the collision.

Kerry was about to go alongside the stern of the Voyager to carry out a search for anyone still onboard. However, a Chief Ordnance Artificer from the destroyer, who had been recovered from the water, said he was the last to leave the stern section and assured him that there was no-one left onboard.

‘I always worried that I should have gone alongside the stern to check for survivors, and it wasn’t until 2008 at a lunch with a Voyager survivor that my mind was laid to rest. It’s a long time to wonder if you left some to die.

‘Our crew also brooded on our actions that night. In the following days, many of them came to see me and asked if there was anything more that they could have done, and whether we missed people in the water.’

It was disappointing for Kerry that no acknowledgement, praise or thanks was ever received for what the SAR crews did that night during the rescue operations.

‘They saw many horrific things but did what they had to do, without question or hesitation,’ says Kerry. ‘They all showed initiative under extremely traumatic conditions and performed their duties above and beyond what would have been expected of sailors of their age and experience.’

It was the same for the sailors on Melbourne , whose quick actions plucked 180 souls from the water in their lifeboats. The operating theatre and sickbay were ready to receive the injured.

However, for a long time a completely unfair and untrue rumour of fault followed the Captain and crew of Melbourne. The subsequent inquiry clearly exonerated Captain Robertson and his crew. But that did not diminish the ‘survivor guilt’ and perceived stigma of being on Melbourne . Until recently few memorial services even mentioned them.

One such sailor was Bob Clarey, a very young Stoker on Melbourne who was catching some night air on a break with a mate, sitting on the superstructure behind the funnel. This gave him a bird’s eye view of the whole accident. After ‘action stations’ was called, Bob scrambled to the deck and spent the next few hours getting the survivors ready for medical attention.

‘I remember the collision, it replays in my mind in nightmares, but I have no recollection of the two weeks I spent in the Balmoral Naval Hospital afterwards, where I was being psychologically assessed for what they called battle fatigue.’

Bob was just 16 years of age, a junior recruit. He never had his career in the Navy, leaving after 18 months due to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

‘We had no counselling, thanks or recognition of our role that night. For years we were thought of as the bad guys of the Navy who had caused the accident.’

Only recently the crew of Melbourne were included in Voyager ceremonies which Bob has attended at St Marys at Kangaroo Point at the memorial to the tragedy. ‘I feel compelled to go, but it brings it all back to me – it’s a meltdown.’

Two Naval Association members, John King and Noel Chidley were called out on the minesweeper HMAS Ibis from Jervis Bay.

‘We went out and back three times that night, only finishing at 1030 the next morning,’ says Noel. ‘On one trip we could only travel at four knots as we were escorting the admiral’s barge which had men so badly injured that they couldn’t be moved, some not expected to make it. One sailor was missing an arm. Every time there is a shipping accident in the news, I have flashbacks, all bathed in that eerie green from the spotlights we set up on deck to look for men in the water.’

‘It is my hope that if those who are still alive read this article, they can be assured that the exceptional way they all performed their duties will never be forgotten,’ says Kerry.

A short ceremony is held at 10.30am on the last Thursday of every month at the Jack Tar statue in the South Brisbane Memorial Park. At each ceremony, a guest from the relevant part of the RAN tells their story in front of veterans, serving RAN personnel, descendants, and the general public.

This month, we will commemorate the Melbourne/Voyager disaster on Thursday 24 February. All welcome.

For more information: Jayne Keogh 0418 882 408 / naaqldmedia [at] outlook.com .

For anyone impacted by this article, support is available at Open Arms – Veterans & Families Counselling service. Open Arms has a range of specialised trauma-informed, military aware services, including counselling and group programs. Call 1800 011 146 for free and confidential support or visit www.openarms.gov.au

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The HMAS Melbourne-HMAS Voyager Collision: Australia’s Worst Peace-Time Naval Disaster

Nicholas egan.

On the 10th of February 1964 a terrible naval accident took place in Australian waters that led to 82 deaths. Off the coast of the Royal Australian Navy base at Jervis Bay, the aircraft carrier, the HMAS Melbourne and the destroyer, the HMAS Voyager were conducting maneuvers when it soon became clear that the 2 ships were heading for collision. Both crews desperately tried to change course, but it was too late.

HMAS Melbourne struck Voyager at 20:56, with the carrier's bow striking just behind the bridge and cutting the destroyer in two. Of the 314 aboard Voyager, 82 were killed, most of whom died immediately or were trapped in the heavy bow section, which sank after 10 minutes. The rest of the ship sank after midnight. Melbourne, although damaged, suffered no fatalities, and was able to sail to Sydney the next morning with most of the Voyager survivors aboard. The loss of the Voyager ranks as the 6th most deadly loss of life in Australian navy history.[i]

The incident shocked the public and memorial services were held around Australia on 21 February. Public distrust in navy led inquiries over the previous few decades resulted in a Royal Commission being called to investigate the cause of the disaster. The commission, led by former Attorney General Sir John Spicer, concluded that the collision was primarily the fault of Voyager's bridge crew, in that they neglected to maintain an effective lookout and lost awareness of the carrier's location, although he did not blame individual officers. When reporting on the contribution of Melbourne and those aboard her to the collision, Spicer specifically indicated failures of its captain John Robertson and two other bridge officers, as they did not alert Voyager to the danger she was in, and appeared to not take measures to prevent Melbourne from colliding. Robertson submitted his resignation from the Navy and was considered to be a scapegoat by the media.[ii]

Over the next few years there was increasing pressure from the public, the media, and politicians of the government and opposition over the handling of the first Royal Commission, as well as claims made by Lieutenant Commander Peter Cabban, a former officer of the Voyager, that Captain Duncan Stevens frequently drank to excess and was unfit for command. Eventually in 1967, Prime Minister Harold Holt announced that a second Royal Commission would be held.

The second Royal Commission found that Stevens was medically unfit for command, although not impaired by alcohol at the time of the collision, he was suffering from a duodenal ulcer and had been confidentially prescribed amphetamines. Consequently, some of the findings of the first commission, those based on the assumption that Voyager was under appropriate command, were re-evaluated. Robertson and the other officers of Melbourne were absolved of blame for the incident.

In the aftermath of the disaster, Chief Petty Officer Jonathan 'Buck' Rogers was posthumously awarded the George Cross for his actions during the sinking. Recognizing that he was too large to fit through the escape hatch, he organised the evacuation of those who could escape, then led those stuck in the compartment in prayers and hymns as they died. Posthumous Albert Medals for Lifesaving were awarded to Midshipman Kerry Marien and Electrical Mechanic William Condon for their actions in saving other Voyager personnel at the cost of their own lives.[iii]

5 Years later, the HMAS Melbourne was tragically involved in a second naval disaster, this time with the American Destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in the South China Sea. Evans sailed under Melbourne's bow, where she was cut in two. 74 of Evans's crew were killed.

A joint RAN–USN board of inquiry was held to establish the events of the collision and the responsibility of those involved. This inquiry, which was believed by the Australians to be biased against them, found that both ships were at fault for the collision. Four officers (the captains of Melbourne and Evans, and the two junior officers in control of Evans at the time of the collision) were court-martialed based on the results of the inquiry; while the three USN officers were found guilty, the RAN officer was cleared of wrongdoing.[iv]

There are a number of memorials to those who were killed in both tragedies. In Jervis Bay stands a memorial to the HMAS Voyager and in Gurnee, Illinois stands a memorial to those who were lost in the USS Frank E. Evans disaster.

USS Frank E. Evans memorial located in Warren Cemetery, Gurnee, Illinois. Wikimedia Commons Author: GoodSam111 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USFEE_memorial_large_tablet.jpg

References [i] Frame, Tom (2005). The Cruel Legacy: the HMAS Voyager tragedy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74115-254-2. OCLC 61213421. [ii] Spicer, Sir John Armstrong (1964). Report of Royal Commissioner on loss of H.M.A.S. "Voyager" (Report). https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/46252538 Melbourne: A.J. Arthur, Commonwealth Govt. Printer. [iii] Burbury; Asprey & Lucas (1 March 1968). "Royal Commissioners' Report on Voyager Inquiry" (PDF). http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documen... Navy News. Vol. 11, no. 5. Parramatta: Cumberland Newspapers Pty Ltd. [iv] Stevenson, Jo (1999). In The Wake: The true story of the Melbourne-Evans Collision, Conspiracy and Cover-up. Alexandria, NSW: Hale & Iremonger. ISBN 0-86806-681-8. (Author Jo Stevenson was the wife of Captain John Phillip Stevenson, the Commanding Officer of Melbourne at the time of the collision)

HMAS Voyager survivors commemorate maritime disaster's 60th anniversary off Jervis Bay

Gary "Hippy" Perrin vividly remembers 60 years ago today when he was thrown from his bed on board the Australian Navy ship HMAS Voyager.

"We were all over the place. Lockers, everything, came down on us," he said.

"Everything went dark except the emergency lights."

The then 17-year-old said he went into survival mode before discovering the HMAS Voyager had been struck by another naval ship off the south coast of New South Wales.

"When we finally made it out of the mess and onto the deck, we saw we'd been cut in half," Mr Perrin said.

On February 10, 1964, Mr Perrin became one of 232 sailors who survived the HMAS Voyager and HMAS Melbourne collision near Jervis Bay — one of the most traumatic maritime events in Australia's peacetime history.

The disaster left 82 sailors dead.

"It was surreal. Something you think happens to someone else," Mr Perrin said.

"I lost a lot of friends that night."

The Voyager was carrying 314 people when it was accidentally sunk by the Melbourne just before 9pm.

The ship's front section disappeared less than 15 minutes after the impact.

More than 50 per cent of the sailors on board were teenagers on their first voyage, including then 17-year-old Duncan Fletcher who, "by a stroke of luck", survived his serious injuries.

Mr Fletcher was in the middle of the ship at the torpedo tube waiting for his shift to start when he was thrown from "starboard to stern on the port side".

"We heard the ship shutter. We heard, 'Full speed ahead', and then I looked up and saw the carrier coming over the top of us," he said.

"They found me wrapped around the guard rails."

Mr Fletcher was crushed by the impact and said the sound of screeching metal still haunted him today.

"If I hear my wife of 55 years drop something behind me, I am shattered," he said.

"It's just hard to get used to loud noises."

Sixty years on and still shrouded in anguish, 19 of the estimated 100 remaining survivors will today reunite with the families of the victims at Voyager Park, Huskisson, to remember the tragedy.

Finding comfort in company

Now aged in their late 70s, best mates Mr Fletcher and Mr Perrin say being with each other and their fellow survivors helps them cope with their post-traumatic stress.

"It's extremely important. We never got any help when it first happened and I think that was a mistake," Mr Fletcher said.

"Someone should've helped us."

Both men say they neither forgive nor forget the events that led to two royal commissions in pursuit of justice and the truth.

"The royal commissions weren't worth a dill of cold water," Mr Perrin said.

"The government of the day, well, you could've bought the whole lot of them for two-bob."

"Apology? Never heard of it."

Time to say goodbye

This year's 60th anniversary of the Voyager disaster is expected to mark the last major reunion for survivors and families of victims.

Brenda Hannas established the HMAS Voyager Survivors Association in 1994 after she married survivor, John Hannas, who was now in full-time care.

She said the reunion was getting too hard to organise now, with many of the men elderly and ill.

"This will be the last reunion, but it will not be the end of the association," she said.

Ms Hannas said 30 years ago, the association had only brought together 10 of the 1964 survivors.

"But then we managed to track all but three of the 232 survivors worldwide," she said.

She said the memorials had helped a lot of men who previously would not talk about their trauma. 

A small commemoration would still be held in Jervis Bay each year, on February 10, at 8:45pm, for those who wished to remember. 

"It's very important to remember those people," Ms Hannas said.

"Because there's 82 sailors out there, under the water, and they should never be forgotten."

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HMAS Melbourne (R21)

Australia Day ! HMAS Melbourne (R21) was a Majestic-class light aircraft carrier , modified to be operated by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), from 1955 to 1982. She was the third and last Australian aircraft carrier with the reputation of having sank two friendly warships in peacetime collisions. But she started as the lead ship of the class, HMS Majestic (R77), laid down in April 1943, launched in February 1945 but work was suspended until purchased by the RAN in 1947. It was decided to complete her on an upgraded jet-capable angled deck design but delays meant a commission reported to 1955. Nevertheless, as part of the Strategic Reserve she had a relatively uneventful career with the sole combat action distinction of Malaysia 1965–66. #coldwar #RAN #royalaustraliannavy #melbourne #hmasmelbourne #aircraftcarrier #fleetcarrier

Genesis: The RAN two-carriers fleet (1948-1973)

Background of hmas sydney and melbourne.

In 1944, the Australian government already proposed to the RN a full Austrlian crew to relieve a British one as a Royal Navy rapidly expanded, and notably aboard an aircraft carrier, two cruisers and six destroyers. The Admiralty agreed to man an upcoming Colossus-class Light Fleet carrier when completed and this was to be HMS Venerable, directly under RAN supervision for free or loan, in recoignition to this Commonwealth country massive contribution on many front and at sea. Australia reviewed manpower requirements and started to reserve the personnel needed, which started training. However by mid-1945, the RAN changed course as with Victory in Europe, the Royal Navy started to be reduced and refocused in the Pacific. Emergency being over, the RAN staff offered to purchase HMS Ocean for its own end war or postwar needs. June, PM John Curtin however vetoed this, preoccupied by expected budget cuts. In July Ben Chifley revised this but the war ended in between.

Post-war reassessment of RAN needs led to a generous plan to acquire no less than three aircraft carriers and create task forces in charge of Southern waters, Indian Ocean, and South Pacific, around which the fleet would be organized. Postwar fundings opposed these optimistic naval staff requirements and this was revised to two carriers, north and east coast fleets. Al agreed these would be the next Majestic-class vessels, knowing their cost would be cheaper due to Britain’s own budget restrictions and will to sell thee surplus hulls as soon as possible. HMS Terrible was selected first followed by the lead ship HMS Majestic. However the first became a mildly modernized vessel as HMAS Sydney, while the second would gbet the “full jet upgrade”, which postponed its completion for years later. In the meantime, HMS Vengeance was loaned from 1952 to fill this naval plan, until Melbourne was ready, keeping the two-carrier fleet a reality and assuming training, despite the obsolescence of the Vengeance.

Origin: 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier

The rest of the class as well as the Majestics and Centaurs were delayed and not completed but after the war, whe the new government looked as selling these at low price as they became all surplus to requirement, placed on reserve, reconverted or outright scrapped after a few years. More so, they were no longer tailored for the new jets, and costly modifications were expected, not seen favourably with the new labor government. A wave of international purchases implied many new customers, among which former Commonwealth members which made a considerable fleet buildup during the war: Canada was the first of these “happy customers” with HMCS Magnificent.

Those accustomed to tankers, freighters and passenger liners. The latter were eager for this anyway as the “cake” was generous: Sixteen were planned by the British admiralty, this was an unprecedented effort for any European Nation. The eight yards concerned were not all “pure” civilian, but as Harland & Wolff (Irish yard of Titanic fame) sharing the bulk of the order with Vickers-Arsmtrong, as well as Stephen & Sons. The other were of mixed experience, but only acustomed to lighter vessels: Cammell Laird, Swan Hunter, Fairfield, Hawthorne Leslie and later HM Dockyard Devonport for the Majestic ships.

Construction

Design of HMAS Melbourne

HMAS Melbourne was essentially a Majestic class design, already made with improvements over the Colossus class, and completely modernized. She was the third British angled carrier as completed, and integrated the best features in order to operate heavier aircraft and early jets, which size and weight were still compatible. Modifications were based on wartime experience but also the best of British carrier warfare innovations. Full Review of the Majestic class

Hull and general design

To operate jet aircraft, larger and heavier this flight deck was angled to 5.5 degrees from the centreline, and with proper deck parking this created a space for simultaneous launch and recovery. The deck gained a modest acre (4,000 square metres, 4,800 square yards) and was quite smaller compared to US designs, notably the Essex and more so, the first supercarriers in construction at the time. One model looked for was the S-2 Tracker, a twin-engine ASW patroller that was with 22.12-metre (72 ft 7 in) in wingspan and very tight clearance starboard wit the wingtip when landing. Dangerously close to the island. This required good wind conditions and skilled pilots. In fact USN pilots refused to land on her. Her island by the way was still relatively similar to other Majestic’s, albeit with a protruding admiral bridge, and navigation bridge above. She also had a unique lattice mast and whip aerials to carry her radars. After 1969 she had new radars with prominent radomes, notably aft of the island (see later).

Still, this flight deck as well as the original hangar deck and aircraft lifts were all much strengthened. To follow, a set of six reinforced arrestor cables were installed, four behind the aft lift, one above, one forward. As for the island, which was also modified, a flight direction radar was installed and this made her the only regional carrier able to operate at night or by poor weather. One unforeseen aspect was the high fresh water consumption of the large port steam catapult and propulsion, leading to Water rationing in operation. As for protection it was added during completion and made for mantlets around aircraft torpedoes warheads rooms. They were only 10mm thick (0.39 in). Longitudinal watertight bulkheads were installed above the machinery spaces and that was it. The 1942 fleet carriers, originally built to civilian standards, were not well protected unlike the Illustrious and Indefatigable class, true armoured carrier made for the frontline.

HMAS Melbourne was to be at first completed with a gun-only defensive armament of seven twin 40mm/60 Mk 5 Bofors and eleven single 40mm/60 Mk 7 Bofors. With a modern fire control this was still seen as acceptable. In 1968 after refit, what remained of Bofors was retired, and she gained a new sensor suite: LW-02, ZW, SPN-35 radars and an ECM equipment. Before 1968 this was 6 twin, 9 single and until 1980 4 twin, 4 single and after 1980 until decommissioned 4 single. In 1971 for her last refit, the catapult was replaced by a stronger one and the deck was strengthened again. But this was for a short time as she was placed in reserve already in 1976.

She carried at first three radars: The type 277Q, type 293Q, and type 978 until her 1968 refit. Type 277Q: Three Type 277Q height-finding set were installed. Type 283Q: No info yet Type 978: No info yet

On the right side of the ship there was a station with sensors displaying wind conditions for the pilot. The mirror landing system was quite elaborated and did not needed upgrades for all her career. Lights and colors notified the pilot about its approach angle. Speed was communicated by radio. All the improvements made on HMS Melbourne were to be ported on HMAS Sydney but between budgetary constraints and manpower missing, she was completed as other Majestic straight deck configurations. This made Melbourne from 1955 the most advanced southern pacific carrier.

At first, HMS Melbourne was scheduled to carry an Aircraft capacity of 52 piston-engine types between the deck and hangar, with the British types that existed at the time, such as the Firefly multirole attacker, ASW avenger and Seafire or Sea Fury fighter bomber. In the hangar alone she could carry 24 aircraft (potentially Sea Fury, Firefly, Gannet and Sea Otter as rescue amphibians). Needless to say after 1955 all these models were already obsolete and retired from service. Instead, the air group was revised with more capable but heavier models, down to 28 at best: -In 1956 she carried eight Sea Venom FAW.53 jets as fighters, and 17 turboprop ASW patrollers Fairey Gannet AS.1 as well as two Sycamore HR.50 for SAR and liaison. -In 1963, she carried 10 Sea Venom, 10 Gannet AS.1 but eight Wessex HAS.31 to take amphibian assault roles (Malaya insurgency). -In 1975-80 she operated 8 A-4G Skyhawk and 4-6 S-2E Tracker and 10 Wessex HAS.31B (from 1980 five Sea King HAS.50). This choice reflected a new swap back to ASW patrols.

Modifications

Early on, she underwent annual refits, generall scheduled between September and January-February but they increased in duration or were alternated with true major overhauls when needed. She had one in the 1968, one in 1971 and one in 1976. Her first major one started by December 1967 until February 1969 so to be able to operate the S-2 Tracker and A-4 Skyhawk, at a cost of A$8.5 million, and she had also a complete drydock hull overhaul as well as her machinery, while the flight deck was strenghtened, as the catapult and arrestor cables. The aviation tanks were also modified for the new fuel type used and all electric wiring, electronics, sensors, systems, flight control arrangements, navigational aids, radar were also upgraded, Air conditioning installed, the water problem was solved and a liquid oxygen generation plant were installed. It was all done at Garden Island Dockyard.

The next started by 1971 and focused on the water-hungry catapult, replaced with new components from HMCS Bonaventure and USS Coral Sea. The flight deck was reinforced/strengthened further and the air conditioning system overhauled and improved. Indeed originally she was tailored to serve in the North Atlantic-Arctic and needed a tropicalized system; Still even after this upgrade, the crew suffered from higher temperatures than usual for a carrier, as over 65 °C (149 °F) with a record at 78 °C (172 °F). After seven months at A$2 million, she started sea trials from Garden Island Dockyard. She was also drydocked from November 1972 to August 1973, again on her catapult and from April 1975 to June 1976 as a SLEP type upgrade, to extend her operational life to 1985. The refit was completed by a second tranche between late 1978 until August 1979. The one due for late 1981 was postponed and cancelled in January 1982 as the government decided to have her decommissioned, acquiring instead the smaller HMS Invincible. The main argument was over maintenance and operations, crew costs. She had up to 1,417 officers and ratings as flagship, whereas Invincible had c900 at the time due to her more modest air group.

Conway’s all the world’s fighting ships 1947-95 Australian Naval Aviation Museum (ANAM) (1998). Flying Stations: a story of Australian naval aviation. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Bastock, John (1975). Australia’s Ships of War. Cremorne, NSW: Angus and Robertson. Bishop, Chris; Chant, Christopher (2004). Aircraft Carriers: the world’s greatest naval vessels and their aircraft. London: MBI Cassells, Vic (2000). The Capital Ships: their battles and their badges. East Roseville, NSW: Simon & Schuster. Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1999). Breaking free: transformation of Australia’s defense industries. Australian Scholarly Publishing. Donohue, Hector (October 1996). From Empire Defence to the Long Haul: post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 1). Canberra: Sea Power Centre. Frame, Tom (1992). Pacific Partners: a history of Australian-American naval relations. Rydalmere, NSW: Hodder & Stoughton. Frame, Tom (2004). No Pleasure Cruise: the story of the Royal Australian Navy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Frame, Tom (2005). The Cruel Legacy: the HMAS Voyager tragedy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Gillett, Ross (1980). HMAS Melbourne – 25 Years. Sydney, NSW: Nautical Press. Gillett, Ross (1988). Australian and New Zealand Warships since 1946. Brookvale, NSW: Child & Associates. Grey, Jeffrey (1998). Up Top: the Royal Australian Navy and Southeast Asian conflicts, 1955–1972. The Official History of Australia’s Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Hall, Timothy (1982). HMAS Melbourne. North Sydney, NSW: George Allen & Unwin. Hobbs, David (2005). “HMAS Sydney (III): a symbol of Australia’s growing maritime capability”. In Stevens, David; Reeve, John (eds.). The Navy and the Nation: the influence of the Navy on modern Australia. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. Jeremy, John (2005). Cockatoo Island: Sydney’s Historic Dockyard. Sydney: UNSW Press. Lind, Lew (1986) [1982]. The Royal Australian Navy – Historic Naval Events Year by Year (2nd ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Reed Books. Nott, Rodney; Payne, Noel (2008) [1994]. The Vung Tau Ferry: HMAS Sydney and Escort Ships (4th ed.). Dural, NSW: Rosenberg. Stevens, David; Sears, Jason; Goldrick, James; Cooper, Alastair; Jones, Peter; Spurling, Kathryn (2001). Stevens, David (ed.). The Royal Australian Navy. The Australian Centenary History of Defence (vol III). South Melbourne, VIC: Oxford University Press. Wilson, Stewart (1993). Phantom, Hornet and Skyhawk in Australian Service. Canberra: Aerospace Publications. Wright, Anthony (June 1998) [1978]. Australian Carrier Decisions: the acquisition of HMA Ships Albatross, Sydney and Melbourne. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 4). Canberra: Sea Power Centre.

navypedia.org/ aus_cv_melbourne.htm commons.wikimedia.org HMAS_Melbourne_(R21) navy.gov.au/hmas-melbourne-ii en.wikipedia.org/ HMAS_Melbourne_(R21) navalmarinearchive.com steam_catapults.html web.archive.org www.navy.gov.au/HMAS_Melbourne_(II) web.archive.org/ R21 Service.htm

HMAS Melbourne in service

February-July 1958 saw her in a 25,000-nautical-mile (46,000 km; 29,000 mi) flag-showing cruise with four inter-fleet exercises. She stopped at Singapore, Hong Kong, Manila, Japan, Pearl Harbor and Fiji and had a short refit when back. In Port Phillip she was displayed to Australian Army and RAAF officer cadets. In 1959 in Sydney she was in the movie “On The Beach” followed by an exercise off the coast and Far East Strategic Reserve deployment in March-May, the ports visits.

In 1960, she lost four Sea Venoms, two Gannets in separate incidents due mostly to aircrew errors. After visiting Adelaide, she sailed for a Strategic Reserve (SR) deployment April-June, and exercises until September. In the 1961 SR she visited Bombay, Karachi, Trincomalee. She was back home in June, was at a ceremonial in Sydney Harbour for the 50th anniversary of the RAN. She took part in the Exercise Tuckerbox in the Coral Sea and toured New Zealand.

In 1962, she took part in the Royal Hobart Regatta, and departed Fremantle for her SR deployment, after which she visited Japan, Guam, and Manus Island. By September, she took part in Tuckerbox II making her 10,000th catapult launch by late 1962. She started a refit in Sydney on 1 October. In 1963, same Royal Hobart Regatta and SR routine, SEATO Exercise Sea Serpent then she celebrated her 20,000th landing in April. By September, she took part in Exercise Carbine near Hervey Bay in Queensland.

On 10 February 1964, while under trials in Jervis Bay (Captain John Robertson) post-refit the Daring-class destroyer HMAS Voyager making her own trials (Captain Duncan Stevens) started interactions with the carrier and while night-flying exercises commenced, Voyager became her plane guard escort, maintening a 20° position off the carrier’s port quarter, at 1,500-2,000 yards (1,400 to 1,800 m). At 8:40 pm Voyager was starboard of Melbourne and at 8:52 pm, turning away from Melbourne in a large circle to cross behind her and take position port. But instead she at first turned to starboard away from Melbourne and to port without warning. Aboard Melbourne spotters assumed the destroyer made tight turns to lost speed before circling behind, but to their horror she did not alter course again until at 8:55 the navigator ordered the machines half astern speed, warning captain Robertson which rushed on deck and ordered an increase to full astern. Meanwhile captain realized the situation and ordered full ahead both engines, hard starboard and a collision warning. This was too late and collision happened at 8:56 pm.

The prow of hit Voyager’s hull aft of her bridge at full force. The prow’s momentum, right amidship was suffucient not to break the hull, but simply roll over it until pressure separated the hull in two. Voyager’s forward boiler exploded but fire in the bow was extinguished by rushing seawater. Her forward section disappeared by the aft section floated for 30 min. sinking after midnight. Sydney’s HQ was scrambled to send assistance, while Sydney launched her boats to rescue the crew, preparing her wardroom and C Hangar for casualties. At 9:58 pm she was informed of the arrival of HMAS Creswell and helicopters from HMAS Albatross as well as several Ton-class minesweepers. Meanwile Captain Robertson ordered a survey of her own damage, reporting her bow has been torn off and there was a lot of scorched plating.

Melbourne arrived in Sydney with survivors on 14 February, at first for repairs at Garden Island, then Cockatoo Dockyard on 25 March with the whole bow cut away and repaired in drydock, after the delivery of a 40-ton prefabricated bow. This was over on 27 April. Meawnhile a ceremony was helf for the remaining crew of Voyager. Out of 314 aboard, 14 officers, 67 sailors, one civilian dockyard worker were killed and the captain as all but two on the bridge. They drawned as the ship rolled over completely, practically pushed under the carrier’s hull. The Royal Commission held in 1964 concluded that the destroyer was primarily at fault for neglecting proper lookout awareness but also blamed lookouts on Melbourne’s bridge for failing to alert Voyager, not taking collision avoidance measures sooner. Robertson was demoted to HMAS Watson but her resigned from the Navy. After much media pressure a second Royal Commission was opened in 1967, finding that Stevens was medically unfit for command. Later Robertson and the other officers were absolved of blame.

From Cockatoo she returned to SR deployments in Southeast until September 1964 and received in Subic Bay its S-2 trackers, performing flight deck trials qualifications as well as ASW drills and A-4 Skyhawk qualifications in turn. Only minor modification were needed to operate them. This led the Australian Government to approve purchase of both to modernize the air group. From March 1965 up to mid-1967, she multiplied SR in Southeast Asia and drills or port visits and soon she was implicated in the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation , making a show of force eoff the coast of Malaysia. She escorted her sister ship HMAS Sydney acting as troop transport, to Vietnam. Each voyage left Melbourne out of a direct participation in the conflict. She never ventured to Vũng Tàu. Instead the RAN knowing she had been optimized for ASW warfare, proposed her to the USN 7th fleet which had a hard time tracking soviet subs in the area.

This was suggested by March 1966 for Yankee Station, but Melbourne only made a 10 deployment on side, when rotating deployments were setup with US carriers, and nothing came out of the plan. It was suggested to use her to support Austrlian troops as assault helicopter base, but she only had ten Wessex and needed modifications, deemed prohibitive, as she would needed also two escorts at the time the RAN was already hard pressed to escort Sydney. In September 1967, she sailed to the US to gather its 14 Trackers and 10 Skyhawks. She had back home a refit in Sydney, from December 1967. By May it was suggested pilots were moved to an USMC Skyhawk squadron in South Vietnam to gain experience. But this was cancelled. Melbourne returned to service by 14 February 1969 and after sea trials until 5 May, she sailed for Subic Bay for SEATO Exercise Sea Spirit. This is when she experience her second major collision.

Melbourne’s Captain John Phillip Stevenson was accompanied for this by Rear Admiral John Crabb, Flag Officer of the RAN, and she was assigned five escorts, USS Everett F. Larson, Frank E. Evans, and James E. Kyes, but also HMNZS Blackpool, and HMS Cleopatra. The captain held a dinner for their captains at the start ad narrated about the Melbourne–Voyager collision to warn about inertia of his carrier and the need for extra caution when manoeuvering near. Thus was compounded by Admiral Crabb about repositioning manoeuvres especially at night. Despite of this, she had a near-miss in the early hours of 31 May, when Larson was ordered to take in turn plane guard station.

On the night of 2–3 June 1969, there was an ASW training exercise in the South China Sea and the carrier before launching a Tracker, ordered USS Evans to take plane guard station and reminded the captain about her own course, instructed navigational lights to full brilliance. Evans performed alread the manoeuvre four times and started to turn starboard towards the carrier too soon. She was reminded by radio message to the bridge and CiC of the possible collision course, Evans acknowledged it but took apparently no action so Stevenson ordered hard to port and signaled the turn by radio and siren blasts while Evans turned hard to starboard to avoid her and narrowly passed in front of Melbourne but this placed USS Evans back in her path and she was hit amidships at 3:15 am, again, cut in two.

74 out of 273 were killed in the collision, asleep/trapped inside the bow which sank quickly. The aft section survived. The carrier deployed her boats, life rafts and lifebuoys approaching carefully from the stern of Evans, mooring lines were exchanged. Sailors from Melbourne dived into the water to rescue overboard survivors, and helicopters collected the remaining ones. In 30 minutes all were rescued and search went on for 15 hours. The stern section was later towed away to avoid damage, cast off, stripped for parts, sunk as target. Following this, Melbourne had drydock repairs to her bow at Singapore from 6-27 June completed in Sydney from 9 July at Cockatoo, with the installation of a new bow section again, in September and then until 11 October due to labour disputes. The Joint RAN-USN board of inquiry in June-July 1969 found Evans partially at fault but also Melbourne to not taking evasive action sooner although this contradicted international sea regulations which obliged the larger ship to maintain course. It was learned that Evans’ captain was asleep when it happened, so Lieutenants Ronald Ramsey and James Hopson were blamed, both inexperienced. Three USN officers and Stevenson aboard Melbourne were court-martialled for negligence but the latter was “Honourably Acquitted”. Despite this, her was demoted as minor flag officer’s chief of staff, and he resigned while the medias accused the Navy of scapegoating. Still alive by December 2012, Stevenson received an official apology by the MoD.

The 1970s-1980s, saw the carrier more often in repairs with a lack of spare parts and generally worn out. All the companies that manufactired the parts back in WW2 went out of business and replacements were made from scratch, which was costly, lenghty and inneficient. The catapult was replaced with parts from HMCS Bonaventure decom. in 1970 for example. In 1970, the carrier took part in Sea Rover (SEATO, South China Sea), Bersatu Padu with Commonwealth forces (Malaysia) and Swan Lake with RN/RNZN off Western Australia. She visited Japan for Expo ’70, collided again by the Manly ferry South Steyne while at Garden Island. In 1971 she was in refits and in September the Joint Planning Committee considered to convert her as transport to evacuate the Australian Task Force from Vietnam. Navy opposed it as she would be missing several major multi-national exercises. They prevailed and she took part to RIMPAC 71. After her 3 months 1972 SR to Southeast Asia, eading a coalition of 17 ships (RAN, RN, RNZN, US Navy, Philippine Navy, Royal Thai Navy) for Exercise Sea Hawk. After port visits she was in Sydney by April and trained off New South Wales coast, and later RIMPAC 72, then made an official visit to Japan and took part in a SEATO drill. A fire broke out in her main switchboard so she rushed back to Australia for a new 7 months refit.

n 24 August 1973, she was back in Hawaii for RIMPAC 73 and back home in October, then took part in an Exercise off Malaysia. In 1974 she carried 120 Australian soldiers to train with a US battalion in Hawaii. She went to San Francisco to collect 12 Chinook, 5 UH-1 Iroquois for the RAN. By June she was in Exercise Kangaroo in the Coral Sea. On 11 July she was pushed by the passenger liner SS Australis in Sydney Harbour. After repairs she took part in disaster relief exercises, put to good use by 24–25 December 1974 after Cyclone Tracy on Darwin (Operation Navy Help Darwin). Melbourne’s seven Wessex helicopters and crew were put to good use, performing 2,493 flights, 7,824 evacuations and ferrying 107 tons of cargo. Next she took part in RIMPAC 75, followed by a 14-month refit. On 24 July she was hit by the Japanese cargo ship Blue Andromeda. October 1976 saw her in Exercise Kangaroo II.

On return in July, she had a new refit until 3 August 1979 during which she had a boiler explosion. Later she took part in exercises Tasmanex, Sea Eagle I and Kangaroo III but During the first, she lost her LW-02 radar aerial which fell overboard as a Skyhawk in heavy seas. February-March 1980 saw her in RIMPAC 80, as flagship, Battle Group 2. She visited the Solomon Islands in early April and back to Sydney until mid-August for the 25th anniversary her service. Next she was in Exercise Sandgroper 80 with HMAS Perth, Derwent, Stalwart, Supply, Otama in the Indian Ocean, loosing two Skyhawks in October. On the 24th Tracker took photos of the Storozhevoy and Ivan Rogov which were shadowing the squadron. She was back in November 1980, spending time in Australian waters, and RS in Southeast Asia. In June 1981 she rescued 99 Vietnamese refugees. She took part in exercises Sea Hawk and Kangaroo 81. While at Garden Island in December, she was flooded by an officer impatient to commence leave, failing to deactivate the water pumps. 180 tons had to be pumped out the next day.

At that stage, the naval staff contemplated her replacement as incidents multiplied and maintenance was near impossible (cost A$25 million yeary). Many options were envisioned, like purchasing the already existing Italian Giuseppe Garibaldi in construction (launched 1983), a sister ship or Príncipe de Asturias herself, and possibly a former Iwo Jima-class ship. They studied ski-jump ramp advantages also for a future air group. Ultimately HMS Invincible was chosen for a delivery planned for 1983 as the Falklands War interrupted the first negociation round.

Already back in the 1960 it was envisioned to purchase HMS Albion or an Essex class ship and the staff wanted instead an helicopter carrier. In 1968, HMS Hermes took part in a combined exercise and was visited by officials, completed with RAN Skyhawks and Trackers landings and take-offs. But it was turned down due to manpower costs. June 1977 the Committee approved study of a STOVL/helicopter carrier and an Iwo Jima class was preferred. Bu by July 1981 this changed with the British 1981 Defence White Paper which marked HMS Invincible as surplus, offered to the RAN for GB£175 million (A$285 million). This was accepted by 25 February 1982, to be renamed HMAS Australia and delaying the purchase of fixed wing aircraft. The Falklands interrupted the deal by April 1982 and ended in July. After the RAN declined HMS Hermes a request was made to provide a simple carrier to operate F/A-18 Hornets, ended wit the 1983 Australian Federal Election and decision on 14 March under Bob Hawke’s Labor Government was no replacement at all.

The carrier was prepared for disposal, decommissioned, reserve, on 30 June 1982, towed to Bradley’s Head until 1985. In 1984 she was to be purchased and acnhored as floating casino off Eden, New South Wales. Her air wing was disbanded at HMAS Albatross, 2 July 1982, 805 Sqn Skyhawks integrated into 724 San and 816 Sqn into 851 Sqn. Trackers were withdrawn from Australian service on 31 August 1984. After a failed sell by June 1984 she was sold by February 1985 to China United Shipbuilding Co. at A$1.4 million. Before departing she was stripped of sensitive electronics, rudders welded fixed to prevent reactivation but she kept her steam catapult, arresting equipment, mirror landing system which werte avidly studied by Chinese experts, helping creating the future PLAN carrier force anyway. By 27 April 1985 was tugged by De Ping when running aground while still in Moreton Bay, freed and arrived in China on 13 June in Port Huangpu. She helped Admiral Liu Huaqing to convince the Chinese government to support a domestic aircraft carrier programme. In 2010 Melbourne was retroactively awarded “Malaysia 1965–66” as her sole “combat” deployment ever.

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• Heligoland (1917)
• Imbros (1918)
• Zeebruge raid (1918)
• Scuttling of the Hochseeflotte (1919)
• Dunkirk, May 1940
• Operation Vado 13 June 1940
• Battle of Hanko July 1941
• Battle of the Atlantic
• Malta Invasion
• Midway 4-7 June 1942
• US Amphibious Ops
• British amphibious Ops
• Operation Torch
• Operation Husky
• Operation Baytown
• Operation Avalanche
• Operation Shingle
• Operation Overlord
• Operation Anvil Dragoon
• Operation Watchover
• Goodenough Island Battle
• Operation Cleanslate
• Operation Toenails
• Makin Campaign
• Operation Galvanic
• Operation Flintlock
• Operation Catchpole
• Operation Forager
• Operation Detachment
• Operation Iceberg
• Operation Downfall

⚔ Crimean War

• Radetzky class
• Erzherzog Friedrich class
• Novara class

• Navarin class (1854)
• Duquesne class (1853)
• Fleurus class (1853)
• Montebello (1852)
• Austerlitz (1852)
• Jean Bart (1852)
• Charlemagne (1851)
• Napoleon (1850)
• Valmy (1847)
• Ocean class (1805)
• Hercules class (1836)
• Iéna class (1814)
• Jupiter (1831)
• Duperré (1840)
• Pomone (1845)
• Isly (1849)
• Bellone (1853)
• D’Assas class (1854)
• Primauguet class (1852)
• Roland (1850)

• Duke of Wellington
• Conqueror (1855)
• Marlborough (1855)
• Royal Albert (1854)
• St Jean D’Acre (1853)
• Waterloo (1833
• Sailing ships of the Line
• Sailing Frigates
• Sailing Corvettes
• Screw two deckers
• Screw frigates
• Screw Corvettes
• Screw guard ships
• Paddle frigates
• Paddle corvettes
• Screw sloops
• Paddle sloops
• Screw gunboats

⚑ 1870 Fleets

• Numancia (1863)
• Tetuan (1863)
• Vitoria (1865)
• Arapiles (1864)
• Zaragosa (1867)
• Sagunto (1869)
• Mendez Nunez (1869)
• Spanish wooden s. frigates (1861-65)
• Frigate Tornado (1865)
• Frigate Maria de Molina (1868)
• Spanish sail gunboats (1861-65)
• Ironclad Kaiser (1850-70)
• Drache class BD. Ironclads (1861)
• Kaiser Max class BD. Ironclads (1862)
• Erzherzog F. Max class BD. Ironclads (1865)
• SMS Lissa Ct. Bat. Ships (1869)
• SMS Novara Frigate (1850)
• SMS Schwarzenberg Frigate (1853)
• Radetzky class frigates (1854)
• Erzherzog Friedrich class corvettes (1853)
• SMS Helgoland Sloop (1867)

• Dannebrog (1863)
• Peder Skram (1864)
• Danmark (1864)
• Rolf Krake (1864)
• Lindormen (1868)
• Jylland CR (1860)
• Tordenskjold CR (1862)
• Dagmar SP (1861)
• Absalon class GB (1862)
• Fylla class GB (1863)

• Basileos Giorgios (1867)
• Basilisa Olga (1869)
• Sloop Hellas (1861)
• Dutch Screw Frigates & corvettes
• De Ruyter Bd Ironclad (1863)
• Prins H. der Neth. Turret ship (1866)
• Buffel class turret rams (1868)
• Skorpioen class turret rams (1868)
• Heiligerlee class Monitors (1868)
• Bloedhond class Monitors (1869)
• Adder class Monitors (1870)
• A.H.Van Nassau Frigate (1861)
• A.Paulowna Frigate (1867)
• Djambi class corvettes (1860)
• Amstel class Gunboats (1860)

• Screw 3-deckers (1850-58)
• Screw 2-deckers (1852-59)
• Screw Frigates (1849-59)
• Conv. sailing frigates
• Screw Corvettes (1846-59)
• Screw Fl. Batteries (1855)
• Paddle Frigates
• Paddle Corvettes
• screw sloops
• screw gunboats
• Sailing ships of the line
• Sailing frigates
• Sailing corvettes
• Sailing bricks
• Gloire class Bd. Ironclads (1859)
• Couronne Bd. Ironclad (1861)
• Magenta class Bd. Ironclads (1861)
• Palestro class Flt. Batteries (1862)
• Arrogante class Flt. Batteries (1864)
• Embuscade class Flt. Batteries (1865)
• Taureau arm. ram (1865)
• Belliqueuse Bd. Ironclad (1865)
• Alma Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1867)
• Ocean class CT Battery ship (1868)
• Cosmao class cruisers (1861)
• Talisman cruisers (1862)
• Resolue cruisers (1863)
• Venus class cruisers (1864)
• Decres cruiser (1866)
• Desaix cruiser (1866)
• Limier class cruisers (1867)
• Linois cruiser (1867)
• Chateaurenault cruiser (1868)
• Infernet class Cruisers (1869)
• Bourayne class Cruisers (1869)
• Cruiser Hirondelle (1869)
• Curieux class sloops (1860)
• Adonis class sloops (1863)
• Guichen class sloops (1865)
• Sloop Renard (1866)
• Bruix class sloops (1867)
• Pique class gunboats (1862)
• Hache class gunboats (1862)
• Arbalete class gunboats (1866)
• Etendard class gunboats (1868)
• Revolver class gunboats (1869)

• Barrozo class (1864)
• Brasil (1864)
• Tamandare (1865)
• Lima Barros (1865)
• Rio de Janeiro (1865)
• Silvado (1866)
• Mariz E Barros class (1866)
• Carbal class (1866)
• Osmanieh class Bd.Ironclads (1864)
• Assari Tewfik (1868)
• Assari Shevket class Ct. Ironclads (1868)
• Lufti Djelil class CDS (1868)
• Avni Illah class cas.ironclads (1869)
• Fethi Bulend class cas.ironclads (1870)
• Barbette ironclad Idjalleh (1870)
• Messudieh class Ct.Bat.ships (1874)
• Hamidieh Ct.Bat.Ironclads (1885)
• Abdul Kadir Battleships (project)
• Frigate Ertrogul (1863)
• Selimieh (1865)
• Rehberi Tewkik (1875)
• Mehmet Selim (1876)
• Sloops & despatch vessels
• Monitor Atahualpa (1865)
• CT. Bat Independencia (1865)
• Turret ship Huascar (1865)
• Frigate Apurimac (1855)
• Corvette America (1865)
• Corvette Union (1865)

• Bartolomeu Dias class (28-guns) steam frigates
• Sagris (14 guns) steam corvette
• Vasco Da Gama (74 guns) Ship of the Line
• Dom Fernando I e Gloria (50) Sailing Frigate
• Dom Joao I class (14 guns) Sailing corvettes
• Portuguese Side-wheel steamers

• Formidabile class (1861)
• Pr. de Carignano class (1863)
• Re d'Italia class (1864)
• Regina maria Pia class (1863)
• Roma class (1865)
• Affondatore (1865)
• Palestro class (1865)
• Guerriera class (1866)
• Cappelini class (1868)
• Sesia DV (1862)
• Esploratore class DV (1863)
• Vedetta DV (1866)

• Ironclad Ruyjo (1868)
• Ironclad Kotetsu (1868)
• Frigate Fujiyama (1864)
• Frigate Kasuga (1863)
• Corvette Asama (1869)
• Gunboat Raiden (1856)
• Gunboat Chiyodogata (1863)
• Teibo class GB (1866)
• Gunboat Mushun (1865)
• Gunboat Hosho (1868)

• Prinz Adalbert (1864)
• Arminius (1864)
• Friedrich Carl (1867)
• Kronprinz (1867)
• K.Whilhelm (1868)
• Arcona class Frigates (1858)
• Nymphe class Frigates (1863)
• Augusta class Frigates (1864)
• Jäger class gunboats (1860)
• Chamaleon class gunboats (1860)

• Ironclad Sevastopol (1864)
• Ironclad Petropavlovsk (1864)
• Ironclad Smerch (1864)
• Pervenetz class (1863)
• Charodeika class (1867)
• Admiral Lazarev class (1867)
• Ironclad Kniaz Pojarski (1867)
• Bronenosetz class monitors (1867)
• Admiral Chichagov class (1868)
• S3D Imperator Nicolai I (1860)
• S3D Sinop (1860)
• S3D Tsessarevich (1860)
• Russian screw two-deckers (1856-59)
• Russian screw frigates (1854-61)
• Russian screw corvettes (1856-60)
• Russian screw sloops (1856-60)
• Varyag class Corvettes (1862)
• Almaz class Sloops (1861)
• Opyt TGBT (1861)
• Sobol class TGBT (1863)
• Pishtchal class TGBT (1866)

• Ericsson class monitors (1865)
• Frigate Karl XIV (1854)
• Frigate Stockholm (1856)
• Corvette Gefle (1848)
• Corvette Orädd (1853)

• Skorpionen class (1866)
• Frigate Stolaf (1856)
• Frigate Kong Sverre (1860)
• Frigate Nordstjerna (1862)
• Frigate Vanadis (1862)
• Glommen class gunboats (1863)

• Union Sailing ships
• USS New Ironsides (1862)
• USS monitor (1862)
• USS Galena (1862)
• Passaic class
• USS Roanoke
• USS Onondaga
• Miantonomoh class
• USS Dictator
• USS Puritan
• Canonicus class
• Kalamazoo class
• Milwaukee class
• Casco class
• USS Keokuk (1862)
• Wampanoag class (1864)
• USS Chattanooga (1864)
• USS Idaho (1864)
• Ossipee class (1862)
• USS Sacramento (1862)
• Ticonderoga class (1862)
• Unadilla class gunboats (1861)
• Kansas class (1862)
• Octorara class (1862)
• Sassacus class (1862)
• Mohongo class (1863)
• USS Spuyten Duyvil (1864)
• USS Alligator (1862)

• CSS Frederickburg (1862)
• CSS Savannah (1863)
• CSS Stonewall (1864)
• CSS Virginia II
• CSS Tennessee
• CSS Nashville
• Commerce Raiders
• Ajax class Iron Gunboats
• CSS David (1862)
• CSS HL Hunley (1863)
• Dunderberg Bd Ironclad (1865)
• Wampanoag class frigates (1864)
• Frigate Chattanooga & Idaho (1864)
• Frigate Idaho (1864)
• Java class frigates (1865)
• Contookook class frigates (1865)
• Frigate Trenton (1876)
• Swatara class sloops (1865)
• Alaska class sloops (1868)
• Galena class sloops (1873)
• Enterprise class sloops (1874)
• Alert class sloops (1873)
• Alarm torpedo ram (1873)
• Intrepid torpedo ram (1874)

⚑ 1890 Fleets

• Parana class (1873)
• La Plata class (1875)
• Pilcomayo class (1875)
• Ferre class (1880)
• Custoza (1872)
• Erzherzog Albrecht (1872)
• Kaiser (1871)
• Kaiser Max class (1875)
• Tegetthoff (1878)
• Radetzky(ii) class (1872)
• SMS Donau(ii) (1874)
• SMS Donau(iii) (1893)
• Erzherzog Friedrich class (1878)
• Saida (1878)
• Fasana (1870)
• Aurora class (1873)
• Hai An class frigates (1872)

• Tordenskjold (1880)
• Iver Hvitfeldt (1886)
• Skjold (1896)
• Cruiser Fyen (1882)
• Cruiser Valkyrien (1888)

• Spetsai class (1889)
• Nauarchos Miaoulis (1889)
• Greek Torpedo Boats (1881-85)
• Greek Gunboats (1861-84)
• Gunboat St Michael (1970)
• Gunboat "1804" (1875)
• Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
• Gunboat Toussaint Louverture (1886)
• Konigin der Netherland (1874)
• Draak, monitor (1877)
• Matador, monitor (1878)
• R. Claeszen, monitor (1891)
• Evertsen class CDS (1894)
• Atjeh class cruisers (1876)
• Cruiser Sumatra (1890)
• Cruiser K.W. Der. Neth (1892)
• Banda class Gunboats (1872)
• Pontania class Gunboats (1873)
• Gunboat Aruba (1873)
• Hydra Gunboat class (1873)
• Batavia class Gunboats (1877)
• Wodan Gunboat class (1877)
• Ceram class Gunboats (1887)
• Combok class Gunboats (1891)
• Borneo Gunboat (1892)
• Nias class Gunboats (1895)
• Koetei class Gunboats (1898)
• Dutch sloops (1864-85)

• Friedland CT Battery ship (1873)
• Richelieu CT Battery ship (1873)
• Colbert class CT Battery ships (1875)
• Redoutable CT Battery ship (1876)
• Courbet class CT Battery ships (1879)
• Amiral Duperre barbette ship (1879)
• Terrible class barbette ships (1883)
• Amiral Baudin class barbette ships (1883)
• Barbette ship Hoche (1886)
• Marceau class barbette ships (1888)
• Cerbere class Arm.Ram (1870)
• Tonnerre class Br.Monitors (1875)
• Tempete class Br.Monitors (1876)
• Tonnant ironclad (1880)
• Furieux ironclad (1883)
• Fusee class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
• Acheron class Arm.Gunboats (1885)
• Jemmapes class (1892)
• Bouvines class (1892)
• La Galissonière Cent. Bat. Ironclads (1872)
• Bayard class barbette ships (1879)
• Vauban class barbette ships (1882)
• Prot. Cruiser Sfax (1884)
• Prot. Cruiser Tage (1886)
• Prot. Cruiser Amiral Cécille (1888)
• Prot. Cruiser Davout (1889)
• Forbin class Cruisers (1888)
• Troude class Cruisers (1888)
• Alger class Cruisers (1891)
• Friant class Cruisers (1893)
• Prot. Cruiser Suchet (1893)
• Descartes class Cruisers (1893)
• Linois class Cruisers (1896)
• D'Assas class Cruisers (1896)
• Catinat class Cruisers (1896)
• R. de Genouilly class Cruisers (1876)
• Cruiser Duquesne (1876)
• Cruiser Tourville (1876)
• Cruiser Duguay-Trouin (1877)
• Laperouse class Cruisers (1877)
• Villars class Cruisers (1879)
• Cruiser Iphigenie (1881)
• Cruiser Naiade (1881)
• Cruiser Arethuse (1882)
• Cruiser Dubourdieu (1884)
• Cruiser Milan (1884)
• Parseval class sloops (1876)
• Bisson class sloops (1874)
• Epee class gunboats (1873)
• Crocodile class gunboats (1874)
• Tromblon class gunboats (1875)
• Condor class Torpedo Cruisers (1885)
• G. Charmes class gunboats (1886)
• Inconstant class sloops (1887)
• Bombe class Torpedo Cruisers (1887)
• Wattignies class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)
• Levrier class Torpedo Cruisers (1891)

• Siete de Setembro class (1874)
• Riachuleo class (1883)

• ☍ See the Page
• Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)
• Portuguese Torpedo Boats
• Portuguese Gunboats

• GB Indipendencia (1874)
• GB Democrata (1875)
• Cruiser Heibtnuma (1890)
• Cruiser Lufti Humayun (1892)
• Cruiser Hadevendighar (1892)
• Shadieh class cruisers (1893)
• Turkish TBs (1885-94)

• Pr. Amadeo class (1871)
• Caio Duilio class (1879)
• Italia class (1885)
• Ruggero di Lauria class (1884)
• Carracciolo (1869)
• Vettor Pisani (1869)
• Cristoforo Colombo (1875)
• Flavio Goia (1881)
• Amerigo Vespucci (1882)
• C. Colombo (ii) (1892)
• Pietro Micca (1876)
• Tripoli (1886)
• Goito class (1887)
• Folgore class (1887)
• Partenope class (1889)
• Giovanni Bausan (1883)
• Etna class (1885)
• Dogali (1885)
• Piemonte (1888)
• Staffeta (1876)
• Rapido (1876)
• Barbarigo class (1879)
• Messagero (1885)
• Archimede class (1887)
• Guardiano class GB (1874)
• Scilla class GB (1874)
• Provana class GB (1884)
• Curtatone class GB (1887)
• Castore class GB (1888)

• Ironclad Fuso (1877)
• Kongo class Ironclads (1877)
• Cruiser Tsukushi (1880)
• Cruiser Takao (1888)
• Cruiser Yaeyama (1889)
• Cruiser Chishima (1890)
• Cruiser Tatsuta (1894)
• Cruiser Miyako (1898)
• Frigate Nisshin (1869)
• Frigate Tsukuba (acq.1870)
• Kaimon class CVT (1882)
• Katsuragi class SCVT (1885)
• Sloop Seiki (1875)
• Sloop Amagi (1877)
• Corvette Jingei (1876)
• Gunboat Banjo (1878)
• Maya class GB (1886)
• Gunboat Oshima (1891)

• Main article
• Ironclad Hansa (1872)
• G.Kurfürst class (1873)
• Kaiser class (1874)
• Sachsen class (1877)
• Ironclad Oldenburg (1884)
• Ariadne class CVT (1871)
• Leipzig class CVT (1875)
• Bismarck class CVT (1877)
• Carola class CVT (1880)
• Corvette Nixe (1885)
• Corvette Charlotte (1885)
• Schwalbe class Cruisers (1887)
• Bussard class (1890)
• Aviso Zieten (1876)
• Blitz class Avisos (1882)
• Aviso Greif (1886)
• Wacht class Avisos (1887)
• Meteor class Avisos (1890)
• Albatross class GBT (1871)
• Cyclop GBT (1874)
• Otter GBT (1877)
• Wolf class GBT (1878)
• Habitch class GBT (1879)
• Hay GBT (1881)
• Eber GBT (1881)
• Rhein class Monitors (1872)
• Wespe class Monitors (1876)
• Brummer class Arm.Steamers (1884)

• Petr Velikiy (1872)
• Ekaterina class ICL (1886)
• Imperator Alexander class ICL (1887)
• Ironclad Gangut (1890)
• Admiral Ushakov class (1893)
• Navarin (1893)
• Petropavlovsk class (1894)
• Sissoi Veliky (1896)
• Minin (1866)
• G.Admiral class (1875)
• Pamiat Merkuria (1879)
• V.Monomakh (1882)
• D.Donskoi (1883)
• Adm.Nakhimov (1883)
• Vitiaz class (1884)
• Pamiat Azova (1886)
• Adm.Kornilov (1887)
• Rurik (1895)
• Svetlana (1896)
• Gunboat Ersh (1874)
• Kreiser class sloops (1875)
• Gunboat Nerpa (1877)
• Burun class Gunboats (1879)
• Sivuch class Gunboats (1884)
• Korietz class Gunboats (1886)
• Kubanetz class Gunboats (1887)
• TGBT Lt.Ilin (1886)
• TGBT Kp.Saken (1889)
• Kazarski class TGBT (1889)
• Grozyaschi class AGBT (1890)
• Gunboat Khrabri (1895)
• T.Gunboat Abrek (1896)
• Amur class minelayers (1898)
• Lima class Cruisers (1880)
• Chilean TBs (1879)

• Monitor Loke (1871)
• Svea class Coast Defence Ships (1886)
• Berserk class (1873)
• Sloop Balder (1870)
• Blenda class GB (1874)
• Urd class GB (1877)
• Gunboat Edda (1885)

• Gorm (1870)
• Odin (1872)
• Helgoland (1878)

• Hotspur (1870)
• Glatton (1871)
• Devastation class (1871)
• Cyclops class (1871)
• Rupert (1874)
• Neptune class (1874)
• Dreadnought (1875)
• Inflexible (1876)
• Agamemnon class (1879)
• Conqueror class (1881)
• Colossus class (1882)
• Admiral class (1882)
• Trafalgar class (1887)
• Victoria class (1890)
• Royal Sovereign class (1891)
• Centurion class (1892)
• Renown (1895)
• HMS Shannon (1875)
• Nelson class (1876)
• Iris class (1877)
• Leander class (1882)
• Imperieuse class (1883)
• Mersey class (1885)
• Surprise class (1885)
• Scout class (1885)
• Archer class (1885)
• Orlando class (1886)
• Medea class (1888)
• Barracouta class (1889)
• Barham class (1889)
• Pearl class (1889)
• 1870-90 Torpedo Boats

• Ironclad Pelayo (1887)
• Aragon class (1879)
• Velasco class (1881)
• Isla de Luzon (1886)
• Alfonso XII class (1887)
• Reina Regentes class (1887)
• Infanta Maria Teresa class (1890)
• Emperador Carlos V (1895)
• Cristobal Colon (1896)
• Princesa de Asturias class (1896)
• Destructor class (1886)
• Temerario class (1891)
• TGunboat Filipinas (1892)
• De Molina class (1896)
• Furor class (1896)
• Audaz class (1897)
• Spanish TBs (1878-87)
• Fernando class gunboats (1875)
• Concha class gunboats (1883)

• USS Maine (1889)
• USS Texas (1892)
• Indiana class (1893)
• USS Iowa (1896)
• Amphitrite class (1876)
• USS Puritan (1882)
• USS Monterey (1891)
• Atlanta class (1884)
• USS Chicago (1885)
• USS Charleston (1888)
• USS Baltimore (1888)
• USS Philadelphia (1889)
• USS San Francisco (1889)
• USS Newark (1890)
• USS New York (1891)
• USS Olympia (1892)
• Cincinatti class (1892)
• Montgomery class (1893)
• Columbia class (1893)
• USS Brooklyn (1895)
• USS Vesuvius (1888)
• USS Katahdin (1893)
• USN Torpedo Boats (1886-1901)
• GB USS Dolphin (1884)
• Yorktown class GB (1888)
• GB USS Petrel (1888)
• GB USS Bancroft (1892)
• Machias class GB (1891)
• GB USS Nashville (1895)
• Wilmington class GB (1895)
• Annapolis class GB (1896)
• Wheeling class GB (1897)
• Small gunboats (1886-95)
• St Louis class AMC (1894)
• Harvard class AMC (1888)
• USN Armoured Merchant Cruisers
• USN Armed Yachts

☉ Entente Fleets

• WW1 American Battleships
• USS Texas (1891)
• Indiana class battleships (1898)
• Kearsage class battleships (1898)
• Illinois class (1898)
• Maine class (1901)
• Virginia class (1904)
• Connecticut class (1905)
• Mississippi class (1906)
• South Carolina class battleships (1908)
• Delaware class battleships (1909)
• Florida class battleships (1910)
• Arkansas class battleships (1911)
• New York class Battleships (1912)
• Nevada class Battleships (1914)
• Pennsylvania class (1915)
• New Mexico class battleships (1917)
• Tennessee class battleships (1919)
• Colorado class battleships (1920)
• South Dakota class battleships (1920)
• WW1 US Cruisers
• Atlanta class (1885)
• USS Charleston (1887)
• Baltimore class (1888)
• Montgomery class (1891)
• New Orleans class (1896)
• USS Maine (1896)
• Denver class (1902)
• Pittsburg (Pennslvania) class (1903)
• St Louis class (1904)
• Memphis (Tennessee) class (1904)
• Chester class (1907)
• Omaha class (1920)
• WW1 USN Destroyers
• Bainbridge Class
• Truxtun Class
• Smith Class
• Paulding Class
• Cassin Class
• O'brien Class
• Tucker Class
• Sampson Class
• Caldwell Class
• Wickes Class
• Clemson Class
• WW1 American Submarines
• USS Holland 1897
• A class subs 1901
• B class subs 1906
• C class subs 1907
• D class subs 1909
• E class subs 1911
• F class subs 1911
• G class subs 1911
• H class subs 1913
• K class subs 1914
• L class subs 1915
• M class subs 1915
• N class subs 1916
• O class subs 1917
• R class subs 1917
• S class subs 1918
• T(AA) class subs 1918
• American Torpedo Boats (1885-1901)
• WW1 USN Gunboats
• WW1 USN Monitors
• WW1 USN Armed Merchant cruisers
• WW1 USN armed Yachts
• Eagle Boats (1918)
• SC 110 ft (1917)
• Shawmut class minelayers (1907)
• Bird class minesweepers (1917)

• WW1 British Battleships
• Majestic class (1894)
• Canopus class (1897)
• Formidable class (1898)
• London class (1899)
• Duncan class (1901)
• King Edward VII class (1903)
• Swiftsure class (1903)
• Lord Nelson class (1906)
• HMS Dreadnought (1906)
• Bellorophon class (1907)
• St Vincent class (1908)
• HMS Neptune (1909)
• Colossus class (1910)
• Orion class (1911)
• King George V class (1911)
• Iron Duke class (1912)
• Queen Elizabeth class (1913)
• HMS Canada (1913)
• HMS Agincourt (1913)
• HMS Erin (1915)
• Revenge class (1915)
• N3 class (1920)
• WW1 British Battlecruisers
• Invincible class (1907)
• Indefatigable class (1909)
• Lion class (1910)
• HMS Tiger (1913)
• Renown class (1916)
• Courageous class (1916)
• G3 class (1918)
• ww1 British cruisers
• Blake class (1889)
• Edgar class (1890)
• Powerful class (1895)
• Diadem class (1896)
• Cressy class (1900)
• Drake class (1901)
• Monmouth class (1901)
• Devonshire class (1903)
• Duke of Edinburgh class (1904)
• Warrior class (1905)
• Minotaur class (1906)
• Hawkins class (1917)
• Apollo class (1890)
• Astraea class (1893)
• Eclipse class (1894)
• Arrogant class (1896)
• Pelorus class (1896)
• Highflyer class (1898)
• Gem class (1903)
• Adventure class (1904)
• Forward class (1904)
• Pathfinder class (1904)
• Sentinel class (1904)
• Boadicea class (1908)
• Blonde class (1910)
• Active class (1911)
• 'Town' class (1909-1913)
• Arethusa class (1913)
• 'C' class series (1914-1922)
• 'D' class (1918)
• 'E' class (1918)
• WW1 British Seaplane Carriers
• HMS Ark Royal (1914)
• HMS Campania (1893)
• HMS Argus (1917)
• HMS Furious (1917)
• HMS Vindictive (1918)
• HMS Hermes (1919)
• WW1 British Destroyers
• 26-knotters (1893)
• 27-knotters (1894)
• 30-knotters (1895-99)
• 33-knotters (1896-1901)
• HM Turbinia (1897)
• HMS Viper (1897)
• HMS Cobra (1899)
• HMS Velox (1899)
• River class (1903)
• Tribal class (1907)
• Cricket class (1906)
• HMS Swift (1907)
• Albacore class (1906)
• Beagle class (1909)
• Acorn class (1910)
• Acheron class (1911)
• Acasta class (1912)
• Laforey class (1913)
• M/repeat M class (1914)
• Faulknor class FL (1914)
• Lightfoote class FL (1914)
• Medea class (1914)
• Talisman class (1915)
• Parker claqs FL (1916)
• R/Mod R class (1916)
• V class FL (1917)
• Skakespeare class FL (1917)
• Scott class FL (1917)
• V class (1917)
• W/Mod W class (1917)
• S class (1918)
• WW1 British Torpedo Boats
• 125ft series (1885)
• 140ft series (1892)
• 160ft series (1901)
• WW1 British Submarines
• Nordenfelt Submarines (1885)
• Holland Type (1901)
• A-Class Type (1902)
• B-Class Type (1904)
• C-Class Type (1906)
• D-Class Type (1908)
• E-Class Type (1912)
• S-Class Type (1914)
• V-Class Type (1914)
• W-Class Type (1914)
• F-Class Type (1915)
• H-class Type (1914)
• HMS Nautilus (1914)
• HMS Swordfish (1916)
• G-Class Type (1915)
• J-Class Type (1915)
• K-Class Type (1916)
• L-Class Type (1917)
• M-Class Type (1917)
• R-Class Type (1918)
• WW1 British Monitors
• Flower class sloops
• British Gunboats of WWI
• British P-Boats (1915)
• Kil class (1917)
• British ww1 Minesweepers
• Z-Whaler class patrol crafts
• British ww1 CMB
• British ww1 Auxiliaries

• WW1 French Battlecruisers (Projects)
• WW1 French Battleships
• Charles Martel class (1891)
• Charlemagne class (1899)
• Henri IV (1899)
• Iéna (1898)
• Suffren (1899)
• République class (1902)
• Liberté class (1904)
• Danton class Battleships (1909)
• Courbet class (1911)
• Bretagne class (1914)
• Normandie class battleships (1914)
• Lyon class battleships (planned)
• WW1 French Cruisers
• Dupuy de Lôme (1890)
• Admiral Charner class (1892)
• Pothuau (1895)
• Dunois class (1897)
• Jeanne d'Arc arm. cruiser (1899)
• Gueydon class arm. cruisers (1901)
• Dupleix class arm. cruisers (1901)
• Gloire class arm. cruisers (1902)
• Gambetta class arm. cruisers (1901)
• Jules Michelet arm. cruiser (1905)
• Ernest Renan arm. cruiser (1905)
• Lamotte Picquet class cruisers (planned)
• Cruiser D'Entrecasteaux (1897)
• D’Iberville class (1893)
• Jurien de la Gravière (1899)
• Seaplane Carrier La Foudre (1895)
• Kersaint class sloops (1897)
• WW1 French Destroyers
• WW1 French ASW Escorts
• WW1 French Submarines
• Plongeur (1863)
• Gymnôte (1888)
• Gustave Zédé (1893)
• Morse (1899)
• Narval (1899)
• Sirène class (1901)
• Farfadet class (1901)
• Morse class (1901)
• Naiade class (1904)
• Aigrette class (1904)
• Omega (1905)
• Emeraude class (1906)
• Circe class (1907)
• Pluviose class (1909)
• Brumaire class (1910)
• Archimede (1909)
• Mariotte (1911)
• Amiral Bourgeois (1912)
• Charles Brun (1910)
• Clorinde class (1913)
• Zédé class (1913)
• Amphitrite class (1914)
• Bellone class (1914)
• Dupuy de Lome class (1915)
• Diane class (1915)
• Joessel class (1917)
• Lagrange class (1917)
• Armide class (1915)
• O'Byrne class (1919)
• Maurice Callot (1921)
• Pierre Chailley (1921)
• WW1 French Torpedo Boats
• WW1 French river gunboats
• WW1 French Motor Boats
• WW1 French Auxiliary Warships

• WW1 Japanese Battleships
• Ironclad Chin Yen (1882)
• Fuji class (1896)
• Shikishima class (1898)
• IJN Mikasa (1900)
• Katori class (1905)
• Satsuma class (1906)
• Kawachi class (1910)
• Fusō class (1915)
• Ise class (1917)
• Nagato class (1919)
• Kaga class (1921)
• Kii class (planned)
• Tsukuba class BCs (1905)
• Ibuki class (1907)
• Kongō class (1912)
• Akagi class (planned)
• N°13 class (planned)
• WW1 Japanese Cruisers
• Naniwa class (1885)
• IJN Unebi (1886)
• Matsushima class (1889)
• IJN Akitsushima (1892)
• Suma class (1895)
• Chitose class (1898)
• Asama class (1898)
• IJN Yakumo (1899)
• IJN Adzuma (1899)
• Tsushima class (1902)
• IJN Otowa (1903)
• Kasuga class (1904)
• IJN Tone (1907)
• Yodo class (1907)
• Chikuma class (1911)
• Tenryu class (1918)
• WW1 Japanese Destroyers
• WW1 Japanese Submersibles
• WW1 Japanese Torpedo Boats
• WW1 Japanese gunboats
• IJN Wakamiya seaplane carrier (1905)
• Natsushima class minelayers (1911)
• IJN Katsuriki minelayer (1916)
• Japanese WW1 auxiliaries

• WW1 Russian Battleships
• Tri Sviatitelia (1894)
• Poltava (1894)
• Rostislav (1896)
• Peresviet class (1899)
• Pantelimon (1900)
• Retvizan (1900)
• Tsesarevich (1901)
• Borodino class (1901)
• Pervoswanny class (1908)
• Evstafi class (1910)
• Gangut class (1911)
• Imperatritsa Mariya class (1913)
• Borodino class battlecruisers (1915)
• WW1 Russian Cruisers
• Rossia class (1896)
• Pallada class (1899)
• Varyag (1900)
• Askold (1900)
• Novik (1900)
• Bogatyr class (1901)
• Boyarin (1901)
• Izmurud (1903)
• Bayan class (1905)
• Rurik (1906)
• Svetlana class (1915)
• Adm. Nakhimov class (1915)
• WW1 Russian Destroyers
• Pruitki class (1895)
• Bditelni(i) class (1899)
• Grozni class (1904)
• Ukraina class (1904)
• Bukharski class (1905)
• Gaidamak class (1905)
• Lovki class (1905)
• Bditelni class (1905)
• Tverdi class (1906)
• Storozhevoi class (1906)
• Kondratenko class (1906)
• Shestakov class (1907)
• Novik (1911)
• Bespokoiny(Derzki) class (1911)
• Orfey class (1911)
• Izyaslav class (1911)
• Fidonisy(Kerch) class (1911)
• WW1 Russian Submarines
• WW1 Russian TBs (1877-1918)
• WW1 Russian Minelayers
• WW1 Russian Minesweepers
• Amur class Minelayers (1906)

• WW1 Italian Battleships
• Re Umberto class (1883)
• Amiraglio Di St Bon class (1897)
• Regina Margherita class (1900)
• Regina Elena class (1904)
• Dante Alighieri (1909)
• Cavour class (1915)
• Doria class (1916)
• Caracciolo class battleships (1917)
• WW1 Italian Cruisers
• Umbria class (1891)
• Calabria (1894)
• Vettor Pisani class (1895)
• Agordat class (1899)
• Garibaldi class (1901)
• Marco Polo (1892)
• Nino Bixio class ()
• Pisa class (1907)
• San Giorgio class (1907)
• Quarto (1911)
• Libia (1912)
• Campania class (1914)
• WW1 Italian Gunboats
• Governolo GB (1897)
• Brondolo class (1909)
• Sebastiano Caboto (1912)
• Ape class (1918)
• Erlanno Caboto (1918)
• Bafile class (1921)
• Esploratori (scouts)
• Poerio class scouts
• Mirabello class scouts
• Aquila class scouts
• Leone class scouts
• WW1 Italian Destroyers
• Soldati class
• Indomito class
• Sirtori class
• La Masa class
• Palestro class
• "Generali" class
• Curtatone class
• WW1 Italian Torpedo Boats
• WW1 Italian Submarines
• WW1 Italian Monitors
• WW1 Italian Minesweepers
• WW1 Italian MAS
• Grillo class tracked torpedo launches

✠ Central Empires

• WW1 German Battleships
• Siegfried class (1889)
• Brandenburg class (1892)
• Wittelsbach class (1900)
• Braunschweig class (1902)
• Kaiser Friedrich III class (1904)
• Deutschland class (1905)
• Nassau class (1906)
• Helgoland class (1909)
• Kaiser class (1911)
• König class (1913)
• Bayern class battleships (1916)
• Sachsen class (launched)
• L20 Alpha (project)
• WW1 German Battlecruisers
• SMS Blücher (1908)
• Von der Tann (1909)
• Moltke class (1910)
• Seydlitz (1912)
• Derrflinger class (1913)
• Hindenburg (1915)
• Mackensen class (1917)
• Ersatz Yorck class (started)
• WW1 German Cruisers
• Irene class (1887)
• SMS Kaiserin Augusta (1892)
• SMS Gefion (1893)
• SMS Hela (1895)
• Victoria Louise class (1896)
• Fürst Bismarck (1897)
• Gazelle class (1898)
• Prinz Adalbert class (1901)
• Prinz heinrich (1900)
• Bremen class (1902)
• Könisgberg class (1905)
• Roon class (1905)
• Scharnhorst class (1906)
• Dresden class (1907)
• Nautilus class (1906)
• Kolberg class (1908)
• Magdeburg class (1911)
• Karlsruhe class (1912)
• Graudenz class (1914)
• Pillau class (1914)
• Brummer class (1915)
• Wiesbaden class (1915)
• Königsberg(ii) class (1915)
• Cöln class (1916)
• WW1 German Commerce Raiders
• SMS Seeadler (1888)
• WW1 German Destroyers
• WW1 German Submarines
• Brandtaucher
• U-139 class
• U-142 class
• UB-II class
• UB-III class
• UC-II class
• Deutschland
• UE-II class
• WW1 German Torpedo Boats
• ww1 German gunboats
• ww1 German minesweepers
• ww1 German MTBs
• Monarch class coastal BS (1895)
• Habsburg class
• Herzherzog Karl class
• Radetzky class (1908)
• SMS Kaiser Karl IV (1898)
• SMS Sankt Georg (1903)
• Tegetthoff class (1911)
• Kaiser Franz Joseph I class (1889)
• Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
• Admiral Spaun/Novara
• Panther class (1885)
• Zara class (1880)
• Austro-Hungarian Destroyers
• Tatra class Destroyers
• Austro-Hungarian Submarines
• Austro-Hungarian Torpedo Boats
• Versuchsgleitboot
• Barbarossa class battleships (1892)
• Yavuz (1914)
• Cruiser Mecidieh (1903)
• Cruiser Hamidieh (1903)
• Cruiser Midilli (1914)
• Namet Torpedo cruisers (1890)
• Sahahani Deria Torpedo cruisers (1892)
• Destroyers class Berk-Efshan (1894)
• Destroyers class Yarishar (1907)
• Destroyers class Muavenet (1909)
• Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906)
• Marmaris gunboat (1903)
• Sedd ul Bahr class gunboats (1907)
• Isa Reis class gunboats (1911)
• Preveze class gunboats (1912)
• Turkish WW1 Torpedo Boats
• Turkish Armed Yachts (1861-1903)
• Turkish WW1 Minelayers

⚑ Neutral Countries

• Alm. Brown Corvette (1880)
• Cruiser Patagonia (1885)
• Libertad class CBC (1890)
• Cruiser 25 de Mayo (1890)
• Cruiser Nueve de Julio (1892)
• Cruiser Buenos Aires (1895)
• Garibaldi class cruisers (1895)
• Espora class TGB (1890)
• Patria class TGB (1893)
• Argentinian TBs (1880-98)
• Marsh. Deodoro class (1898)
• Riachuelo (1883)
• Minas Geraes class (1908)
• Cruiser Alm. Tamandaré (1890)
• Cruiser Republica (1892)
• Cruiser Alm. Barrozo (1892)
• TT Gunboat Talayo (1892)
• Brazilian TBs (1879-1893)
• BS Alm. Latorre (1913)
• BS Capitan Prat (1890)
• Pdt. Errazuriz class (1890)
• Blanco Encalada (1893)
• Esmeralda (1894)
• Ministro Zenteno (1896)
• O'Higgins (1897)
• Chacabuco (1898)
• TGB Almirante Lynch (1890)
• TGB Alm. Sampson (1896)
• Chilean TBs (1880-1902)
• Gunboat Baire (1906)
• Gunboat Patria (1911)
• Diez de octubre class GB (1911)
• Sloop Cuba (1911)
• GB Toussaint Louverture (1886)
• GB Capois la Mort (1893)
• GB Crete a Pierot (1895)

• Cruiser Zatagosa (1891)
• GB Plan de Guadalupe (1892)
• Tampico class GB (1902)
• N. Bravo class GB (1903)

• Almirante Grau class (1906)
• Ferre class subs. (1912)
• Cruiser Nadezhda (1898)
• Drski class TBs (1906)
• Skjold class (1896)
• Herluf Trolle class (1899)
• Herluf Trolle (1908)
• Niels Iuel (1918)
• Hekla class cruisers (1890)
• Valkyrien class cruisers (1888)
• Fyen class crusiers (1882)
• Danish TBs (1879-1918)
• Danish Submarines (1909-1920)
• Danish Minelayer/sweepers
• Kilkis class
• Giorgios Averof class
• Eversten class (1894)
• Konigin Regentes class (1900)
• De Zeven Provincien (1909)
• Dutch dreadnought (project)
• Holland class cruisers (1896)
• Fret class destroyers
• Dutch Torpedo boats
• Dutch gunboats
• Dutch submarines
• Dutch minelayers
• Haarfarge class (1897)
• Norge class (1900)
• Norwegian Monitors
• Cr. Frithjof (1895)
• Cr. Viking (1891)
• DD Draug (1908)
• Norwegian ww1 TBs
• Norwegian ww1 Gunboats
• Sub. Kobben (1909)
• Ml. Fröya (1916)
• Ml. Glommen (1917)

• Cruiser Adamastor (1896)
• Sao Gabriel class (1898)
• Cruiser Dom Carlos I (1898)
• Cruiser Rainha Dona Amelia (1899)
• Portuguese ww1 Destroyers
• Portuguese ww1 Submersibles
• Portuguese ww1 Gunboats
• Elisabeta (1885)

• España class Battleships (1912)
• Velasco class (1885)
• Cataluna class (1896)
• Plata class (1898)
• Estramadura class (1900)
• Reina Regentes class (1906)
• Spanish Destroyers
• Spanish Torpedo Boats
• Spanish Sloops/Gunboats
• Spanish Submarines
• Spanish Armada 1898
• Svea classs (1886)
• Oden class (1896)
• Dristigheten (1900)
• Äran class (1901)
• Oscar II (1905)
• Sverige class (1915)
• J. Ericsson class (1865)
• Gerda class (1871)
• Berserk (1873)
• HMS Fylgia (1905)
• Clas Fleming class (1912)
• Swedish Torpedo cruisers
• Swedish destroyers
• Swedish Torpedo Boats
• Swedish gunboats
• Swedish submarines
• Dingyuan class Ironclads (1881)
• Hai Ching class (1874)
• Wei Yuan class (1878)
• Chao Yung class (1880)
• Nan T'an class (1883)
• Pao Min (1885)
• King Ching class (1885)
• Tung Chi class (1895)
• Hai Yung class (1897)
• Hai Tien class (1898)
• Chao Ho class (1911)
• Gunboats (1867-1918)
• Fu Po class Gunboats (1870)
• Torpedo gunboats (1891-1900)
• Destroyers (1906-1912)
• Torpedo boats (1883-1902)
• Maha Chakri (1892)
• Thoon Kramon (1866)
• Makrut Rajakumarn (1883)

⚏ WW1 3rd/4th rank navies

✈ ww1 naval aviation.

• Boeing model 2/3/5 (1916)
• Aeromarine 39 (1917)
• Curtiss H (1917)
• Curtiss F5L (1918)
• Curtiss VE-7 (1918)
• Curtiss NC (1918)
• Curtiss NC4 (1918)
• Short 184 (1915)
• Fairey Campania (1917)
• Felixtowe F2 (1916)
• Felixtowe F3 (1917)
• Felixtowe F5 (1918)
• Sopwith Baby (1917)
• Fairey Hamble Baby (1917)
• Fairey III (1918)
• Short S38 (1912)
• Short Admiralty Type 166 (1914)
• Short Admiralty Type 184 (1915)
• Blackburn Kangaroo
• Sopwith 1-1/2 Strutter
• Sopwith Pup
• Sopwith Cuckoo 1918
• Royal Aircraft Factory Airships
• Albatros W.4 (1916)
• Albatros W.8 (1918)
• Friedrichshafen Models
• Gotha WD.1-27 (1918)
• Hansa-Brandenburg series
• L.F.G V.19 Stralsund (1918)
• L.F.G W (1916)
• L.F.G WD (1917)
• Lübeck-Travemünde (1914)
• Oertz W series (1914)
• Rumpler 4B (1914)
• Sablatnig SF (1916)
• Zeppelin-Lindau Rs series
• Kaiserlichesmarine Zeppelins
• Borel Type Bo.11 (1911)
• Nieuport VI.H (1912)
• Nieuport X.H (1913)
• Donnet-Leveque (1913)
• FBA-Leveque (1913)
• Donnet-Denhaut (1915)
• Borel-Odier Type Bo-T(1916)
• Levy G.L.40 (1917)
• Blériot-SPAD S.XIV (1917)
• Hanriot HD.2 (1918)
• Zodiac Airships
• Ansaldo SVA Idro (1916)
• Ansaldo Baby Idro (1915)
• Macchi M3 (1916)
• Macchi M5 (1918)
• SIAI S.12 (1918)
• Grigorovich M-5 (1915)
• Grigorovich M-9 (1916)
• Grigorovich M-11 (1916)
• Grigorovich M-15 (1916)
• Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
• Lohner E (1914)
• Lohner L (1915)
• Oeffag G (1916)
• IJN Farman 1914
• Yokosho Rogou Kougata (1917)
• Yokosuka Igo-Ko (1920)

✪ Allied ww2 Fleets

• WW2 US Battleships
• Wyoming class (1911)
• New York class (1912)
• Nevada class (1914)
• New Mexico class (1917)
• Tennessee Class (1919)
• Colorado class (1921)
• North Carolina class (1940)
• South Dakota class (1941)
• Iowa class (1942)
• Montana class (cancelled)
• WW2 American Cruisers
• Omaha class cruisers (1920)
• Pensacola class heavy Cruisers (1928)
• Northampton class heavy cruisers (1929)
• Portland class heavy cruisers (1931)
• New Orleans class cruisers (1933)
• Brooklyn class cruisers (1936)
• USS Wichita (1937)
• Atlanta class light cruisers (1941)
• Cleveland class light Cruisers (1942)
• Baltimore class heavy cruisers (1942)
• Alaska class heavy cruisers (1944)
• WW2 USN Aircraft Carriers
• USS Langley (1920)
• Lexington class CVs (1927)
• USS Ranger (CV-4)
• USS Wasp (CV-7)
• Yorktown class aircraft carriers (1936)
• Long Island class (1940)
• Independence class CVs (1942)
• Essex class CVs (1942)
• Bogue class CVEs (1942)
• Sangamon class CVEs (1942)
• Casablanca class CVEs (1942)
• Commencement Bay class CVEs (1944)
• Midway class CVs (1945)
• Saipan class CVs (1945)
• WW2 USN destroyers
• Farragut class (1934)
• Porter class (1935)
• Mahan class (1935)
• Gridley class (1936)
• Bagley class (1936)
• Somers class (1937)
• Benham class (1938)
• Sims class (1939)
• Benson class (1939)
• Gleaves class (1940)
• Fletcher class (1942)
• Sumner class (1943)
• Gearing class (1944)
• GMT Evarts class (1942)
• TE Buckley class (1943)
• TEV/WGT Rudderow class (1943)
• DET/FMR Cannon class
• Asheville/Tacoma class
• WW2 US Submarines
• Barracuda class
• USS Argonaut
• Narwhal class
• USS Dolphin
• Cachalot class
• Porpoise class
• Shark class
• Perch class
• Salmon class
• Sargo class
• Tambor class
• Mackerel class
• USS Terror (1941)
• Raven class Mnsp (1940)
• Admirable class Mnsp (1942)
• Eagle class sub chasers (1918)
• PC class sub chasers
• SC class sub chasers
• PCS class sub chasers
• YMS class Mot. Mnsp
• ww2 US gunboats
• ww2 US seaplane tenders
• USS Curtiss ST (1940)
• Currituck class ST
• Tangier class ST
• Barnegat class ST
• US Coast Guard
• Northland class
• Treasury class
• Owasco class
• Algonquin class
• Thetis class
• Active class
• US Amphibious ships & crafts
• US Amphibious Operations
• Doyen class AT
• Harris class AT
• Dickman class AT
• Bayfield class AT
• Windsor class AT
• Ormsby class AT
• Funston class AT
• Sumter class AT
• Haskell class AT
• Andromeda class AT
• Gilliam class AT
• APD-1 class LT
• APD-37 class LT
• LSV class LS
• LSD class LS
• Landing Ship Tank
• LSM class LS
• LSM(R) class SS
• LCV class LC
• LCVP class LC
• LCM(3) class LC
• LCP(L) class LC
• LCP(R) class SC
• LCL(L)(3) class FSC
• LCS(S) class FSC

• WW2 British Battleships
• Queen Elisabeth class (1913)
• Nelson class (1925)
• King George V class (1939)
• Lion class (Started)
• HMS Vanguard (1944)
• HMS Hood (1920)
• WW2 British Cruisers
• British C class cruisers (1914-1922)
• Hawkins class cruisers (1917)
• British D class cruisers (1918)
• Enterprise class cruisers (1919)
• HMS Adventure (1924)
• County class cruisers (1926)
• York class cruisers (1929)
• Surrey class cruisers (project)
• Leander class cruisers (1931)
• Arethusa class cruisers (1934)
• Perth class cruisers (1934)
• Town class cruisers (1936)
• Dido class cruisers (1939)
• Abdiel class cruisers (1939)
• Fiji class cruisers (1941)
• Bellona class cruisers (1942)
• Swiftsure class cruisers (1943)
• Tiger class cruisers (1944)
• WW2 British Aircraft Carriers
• HMS Eagle (1918)
• Courageous class aircraft carriers (1928)
• HMS Ark Royal (1937)
• Illustrious class (1939)
• HMS Indomitable (1940)
• Implacable class (1942)
• Malta class (project)
• HMS Unicorn (1941)
• Colossus class (1943)
• Majestic class (1944)
• Centaur class (started 1945)
• HMS Archer (1939)
• HMS Audacity (1941)
• HMS Archer (1941)
• HMS Activity (1941)
• HMS Pretoria Castle (1941)
• Avenger class (1941)
• Attacker class (1941)
• Ameer class (1942)
• Merchant Aircraft Carriers (1942)
• Nairana class (1943)
• WW2 British Destroyers
• Shakespeare class (1917)
• Scott class (1818)
• W class (1918)
• A/B class (1926)
• C/D class (1931)
• G/H/I class (1935)
• Tribal class (1937)
• J/K/N class (1938)
• Hunt class DE (1939)
• L/M class (1940)
• O/P class (1942)
• Q/R class (1942)
• S/T/U//V/W class (1942)
• Z/ca class (1943)
• Ch/Co/Cr class (1944)
• Battle class (1945)
• Weapon class (1945)
• WW2 British submarines
• L9 class (1918)
• HMS X1 (1923)
• Odin (O) class (1926)
• Parthian (P) class (1929)
• Rainbow (R) class (1930)
• River (Thames) class (1932)
• Swordfish (S) class (1932)
• Grampus class (1935)
• Shark class (1934)
• Triton class (1937)
• Undine class (1937)
• U class (1940)
• S class (1941)
• T class (1941)
• X-Craft midget (1942)
• A class (1944)
• WW2 British Amphibious Ships and Landing Crafts
• LSI(L) class
• LSI(M/S) class
• LSI(H) class
• Boxer class LST
• LST(2) class
• LST(3) class
• LSH(L) class
• LSF classes (all)
• LCI(S) class
• LCI(L) class
• LCS(L2) class
• LCT(I) class
• LCT(2) class
• LCT(R) class
• LCT(3) class
• LCT(4) class
• LCT(8) class
• LCG(L)(4) class
• LCG(M)(1) class
• WW2 British MTB/gunboats
• WW2 British MTBs
• MTB-1 class (1936)
• MTB-24 class (1939)
• MTB-41 class (1940)
• MTB-424 class (1944)
• MTB-601 class (1942)
• MA/SB class (1938)
• MTB-412 class (1942)
• MGB 6 class (1939)
• MGB-47 class (1940)
• MGB 321 (1941)
• MGB 501 class (1942)
• MGB 511 class (1944)
• MGB 601 class (1942)
• MGB 2001 class (1943)
• WW2 British Gunboats
• Denny class (1941)
• Fairmile A (1940)
• Fairmile B (1940)
• HDML class (1940)
• WW2 British Sloops
• Bridgewater class (2090)
• Hastings class (1930)
• Shoreham class (1930)
• Grimsby class (1934)
• Bittern class (1937)
• Egret class (1938)
• Black Swan class (1939)
• River class (1942)
• Loch class (1944)
• Bay class (1944)
• Kingfisher class (1935)
• Shearwater class (1939)
• Flower class (1940)
• Castle class (1943)
• WW2 British Misc.
• Roberts class monitors (1941)
• Halcyon class minesweepers (1933)
• Bangor class minesweepers (1940)
• Bathurst class minesweepers (1940)
• Algerine class minesweepers (1941)
• Motor Minesweepers (1937)
• ww2 British ASW trawlers
• Basset class trawlers (1935)
• Tree class trawlers (1939)
• HMS Albatross seaplane carrier
• WW2 British river gunboats
• HMS Guardian netlayer
• HMS Protector netlayer
• HMS Plover coastal mines.
• Medway class sub depot ships
• HMS Resource fleet repair
• HMS Woolwhich DD depot ship
• HMS Tyne DD depot ship
• Maidstone class sub depot ships
• HmS Adamant sub depot ship
• Athene class aircraft transport
• British ww2 AMCs
• British ww2 OBVs
• British ww2 ABVs
• British ww2 Convoy Escorts
• British ww2 APVs
• British ww2 SSVs
• British ww2 SGAVs
• British ww2 Auxiliary Mines.
• British ww2 CAAAVs
• British ww2 Paddle Mines.
• British ww2 MDVs
• British ww2 Auxiliary Minelayers
• British ww2 armed yachts

• WW2 French Battleships
• Dunkerque class (1935)
• Richelieu class (1940)
• Gascoigne class (Project)
• WW2 French cruisers
• Duguay Trouin class (1923)
• Duquesne class (1925)
• Suffren class (1927)
• Pluton (1929)
• Jeanne d’Arc (1930)
• Algérie (1930)
• Emile Bertin (1933)
• La Galissonnière class (1934)
• De Grasse class (started)
• St Louis class (started)
• WW2 French Destroyers
• Chacal class
• Guepard class
• Aigle class
• Vauquelin class
• Le Fantasque class
• Mogador class
• Bourrasque class
• L'Adroit class
• Le Hardi class
• La Melpomene class TBs
• Le fier class TBs
• WW2 French Submarines
• Requin class
• 600/630 Tonnes class
• Redoutable class
• Saphir class (1928)
• Surcouf (1929)
• Aurore class (1939)
• Morillot class (1940)
• Emeraude class (project)
• Phenix class (project)
• Aircraft Carrier Béarn (1923)
• Ct Teste seaplane carrier (1929)
• Joffre class CVs (started)
• French ASW sloops
• Bougainville class Avisos
• Elan class Minesweepers
• Chamois class Minesweepers
• French ww2 sub-chasers
• Sans souci class seaplane tenders
• ww2 French river gunboats
• ww2 French AMCs

• Sovetsky Soyuz class (started)
• Kronstadt class battlecruisers
• Krasny Kavkaz (1916)
• Svetlana class cruisers (1920)
• Kirov class cruisers (1934)
• Chapayev class cruisers (1940)
• WW2 Soviet Destroyers
• Sverdlov (Novik 1911)
• Leningrad class (1933)
• Tashkent (1937)
• Kiev class (1940)
• Gnevnyi class (1936)
• Storozhevoi class (1936)
• Opytinyi (1935)
• Ognevoi class (1940)
• WW2 Soviet submarines
• AG class (1920)
• Series I (1928)
• Series II (1931)
• Series III (1930)
• Series IV (1934)
• Series V/V bis (1933)
• Series VI/VI bis (1933)
• Series IX/IX bis (1935)
• Series X/X bis (1936)
• Series XI (1935)
• Series XIII/XIII bis (1937)
• Series XV (1940)
• Series XIV (1938)
• Series XVI (1947)
• Soviet ww2 Gunboats and Monitors
• Soviet ww2 guardships
• Soviet ww2 Minesweepers
• Soviet ww2 Minelayers
• Soviet ww2 MTBs
• Soviet ww2 sub-chasers
• Yosif Stalin class icebreakers

• Royal Canadian Navy
• IROQUOIS class destroyers
• Canadian RIVER class
• Canadian LOCH class
• Canadian FLOWER class
• Improved Flower class
• Canadian armed trawlers
• Canadian MACS

• Arunta class destroyers (1940)
• HMAS Albatros (1928)
• Barcoo class frigates (1943)
• Yarra class sloops (1935)

• HNLMS De Ruyter (1935)
• Java class cruisers (1921)
• Tromp Class Cruisers (1937)
• Holland class battecruisers (project)
• Eendracht class cruisers (project)
• Dutch Submarines
• Admiralen class destroyers
• Tjerk Hiddes class destroyers
• Dutch minelayers/minesweepers
• Ning Hai class (1931)
• WW2 Chinese Gunboats

✙ Axis ww2 Fleets

• WW2 Japanese Battleships
• Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)
• Fuso class battleships (1915)
• Ise class battleships (1917)
• Nagato class Battleships (1919)
• Yamato class Battleships (1941)
• B41 class Battleships (project)
• B64/65 Battlecruiser (1939-41)
• WW2 Japanese cruisers
• Tenryū class cruisers (1918)
• Kuma class cruisers (1919)
• Nagara class (1921)
• Sendai class Cruisers (1923)
• IJN Yūbari (1923)
• Furutaka class Cruisers (1925)
• Aoba class heavy cruisers (1926)
• Nachi class Cruisers (1927)
• Takao class cruisers (1930)
• Mogami class cruisers (1934)
• Tone class cruisers (1937)
• Katori class cruisers (1939)
• Agano class cruisers (1941)
• Oyodo (1943)
• Seaplane & Aircraft Carriers
• IJN Hōshō (1921)
• IJN Akagi (1925)
• IJN Kaga (1927)
• IJN Ryujo (1931)
• IJN Soryu (1935)
• IJN Hiryu (1937)
• Shokaku class (1940)
• Zuiho class (1937)
• Ruyho (1933)
• Hiyo class (1941)
• Chitose class (1943)
• IJN Taiho (1944)
• IJN Shinano (1944)
• Unryu class (1944)
• IJN Ibuki (1942)
• Taiyo class (1940)
• IJN Kaiyo (1938)
• IJN Shinyo (1934)
• Notoro (1920)
• Kamoi (1922)
• Chitose class (1936)
• Mizuho (1938)
• Nisshin (1939)
• IJN Aux. Seaplane tenders
• Akistushima (1941)
• Shimane Maru class (1944)
• Yamashiro Maru class (1944)
• Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation
• WW2 Japanese Destroyers
• Mutsuki class (1925)
• Fubuki class (1927)
• Akatsuki class (1932)
• Hatsuharu class (1932)
• Shiratsuyu class (1935)
• Asashio class (1936)
• Kagero class (1938)
• Yugumo class (1941)
• Akitsuki class (1941)
• IJN Shimakaze (1942)
• WW2 Japanese Submarines
• KD1 class (1921)
• Koryu class
• Kaiten class
• Kairyu class
• IJN Midget subs
• WW2 Japanese Amphibious ships/Crafts
• Shinshu Maru class (1935)
• Akistu Maru class (1941)
• Kumano Maru class (1944)
• SS class LS (1942)
• T1 class LS (1944)
• T101 class LS (1944)
• T103 class LS (1944)
• Shohatsu class LC (1941)
• Chuhatsu class LC (1942)
• Moku Daihatsu class (1942)
• Toku Daihatsu class (1944)
• WW2 Japanese minelayers
• IJN Armed Merchant Cruisers
• WW2 Japanese Escorts
• Tomozuru class (1933)
• Otori class (1935)
• Matsu class (1944)
• Tachibana class (1944)
• WW2 Japanese Sub-chasers
• WW2 Japanese MLs
• Shinyo class SB

• WW2 Italian battleships
• Littorio class battleships
• Cavour class battleships
• Doria class battleships (1916)
• WW2 Italian Cruisers
• Alberto di Giussano class
• Trento class (1927)
• Cadorna class (1931)
• Zara class Cruisers (1931)
• R. Montecuccoli class (1934)
• Duca d'Aosta class (1935)
• Duca degli Abruzzi class (1937)
• Costanzo Ciano class (1939)
• Capitani Romani class (1941)
• Giuseppe Miraglia
• Aircraft carrier Aquila
• WW2 Italian Destroyers
• Leone class destroyers
• Sella class
• Sauro class
• Turbine class
• Navigatori class
• Freccia class
• Folgore class
• Maestrale class
• Oriani class
• Cdt Medaglie d'Oro class
• WW2 Italian TBs
• Spica class
• Pegaso class
• Ciclone class
• Ariete class
• WW2 Italian Submarines
• Balilla class
• Archimede class
• Glauco class
• Marcello class
• Liuzzi class
• Marconi class
• Cagni class
• Romolo class
• Mameli class
• Pisani class
• Bandiera class
• Squalo class
• Bragadin class
• Settembrini class
• Argonauta class
• Sirena class
• Perla class
• Acciaio class
• Flutto class
• ww2 Italian light MBs
• MS class boats
• VAS class ASW boats
• MTS class (1940)
• SLC/SSB class
• Eritrea sloop (1936)
• Diana sloop (1942)
• Gabbaiano class Corvettes (1942)
• Italian minelayers
• Italian gunboats

• ww2 german battleships
• Bismarck class Battleships (1940)
• Scharnhorst class battleships (1936)
• Deutschland class Cruisers (1931)
• K class Battleships
• ww2 german cruisers
• KMS Emden (1925)
• Königsberg class cruisers (1927)
• Leipzig class cruisers (1929)
• Hipper class cruisers (1937)
• KMS Graf Zeppelin (1939)
• WW2 German submarines: U-Boats
• Seeteufel (1944)
• Type Ia U-Boats (1936)
• Type II U-Boats (1935)
• Type IX U-Boats (1936)
• Type VII U-Boats (1933)
• Type XB U-Boats (1941)
• Type XIV U-Boats (1941)
• Type XVII U-Boats (1945)
• Type XXI U-Boats (1944)
• Type XXIII U-Boats (1944)
• Prototype U-Boats (1942-45)
• German mini-subs and human torpedoes
• WW2 German Destroyers
• 1934/34A Type
• Beute Zerstörer
• Spähkreuzer (1940)
• WW2 German Torpedo Boats
• F class escorts
• ww2 German minesweepers
• S-Bootes (E-Boats)
• Other Light Boats
• Manta (paper project, 1944)
• WW2 German Amphibious Ships
• German Commerce Raiders
• Bremse minelayer
• Brummer minelayer
• Brummer(II) minelayer
• Saar U-tender
• Bauer class U-tenders
• Nordsee S-tender
• Tsingtau S-tender
• Tanga S-tender
• Lüderitz class S-tenders
• Nachtigal class tenders
• Grille staadtjacht/minelayer
• Hela tender
• Castor minelayer
• Togo AA Cd ship

⚑ Neutral Navies

• Rivadavia class Battleships
• Cruiser La Argentina
• Veinticinco de Mayo class cruisers
• Argentinian Destroyers
• Santa Fe class sub.
• Bouchard class minesweepers
• King class patrol vessels

• Minas Gerais class Battleships (1912)
• Bahia class cruisers
• Brazilian Destroyers
• Humaita class sub.
• Tupi class sub.
• Almirante Latorre class battleships
• Cruiser Esmeralda (1896)
• Cruiser Chacabuco (1911)
• Chilean DDs
• Fresia class subs
• Capitan O’Brien class subs
• Danish ww2 Torpedo-Boats
• Danish ww2 submarines
• Danish ww2 minelayer/sweepers

• Coastal BB Vainamoinen
• Finnish ww2 submarines
• Finnish ww2 minelayers
• Greek ww2 Destroyers
• Greek ww2 submarines
• Greek ww2 minelayers

• Cruiser ORP Dragon
• Cruiser ORP Conrad
• Brislawicka class Destroyers
• Witcher ww2 Destroyers
• Minelayer Gryf
• Wilk class sub.
• Orzel class sub.
• Jakolska class minesweepers
• Polish Monitors

• Douro class DDs
• Delfim class sub
• Velho class gb
• Albuquerque class gb
• Nunes class sloops
• Romanian ww2 Destroyers
• Romanian ww2 Submarines

• Norwegian ww2 Torpedo-Boats

• España class Battleships
• Blas de Lezo class cruisers
• Canarias class cruisers
• Cervera class cruisers
• Cruiser Navarra
• Dédalo Seaplane Carrier
• Spanish Gunboats
• Spanish Minelayers

• Sverige class CBBs (1915)
• Gustav V class CBBs (1918)
• Interwar Swedish CBB projects
• Tre Kronor class (1943)
• Gotland (1933)
• Fylgia (1905)
• Ehrernskjold class DDs (1926)
• Psilander class DDs (1926)
• Klas Horn class DDs (1931)
• Romulus class DDs (1934)
• Göteborg class DDs (1935)
• Mode class DDs (1942)
• Visby class DDs (1942)
• Öland class DDs (1945)
• Swedish ww2 TBs
• Swedish ww2 Submarines
• Swedish ww2 Minelayers
• Swedish ww2 MTBs
• Swedish ww2 Patrol Vessels
• Swedish ww2 Minesweepers

• Kocatepe class Destroyers
• Tinaztepe class Destroyers
• İnönü class submarines
• Submarine Dumplumpynar
• Submarine Sakarya
• Submarine Gur
• Submarine Batiray
• Atilay class submarines

• Cruiser Dalmacija
• Dubrovnik class DDs
• Beograd class DDs
• Osvetnik class subs
• Hrabi class subs
• Gunboat Beli Orao
• Taksin class
• Ratanakosindra class
• Sri Ayuthia class
• Puket class
• Tachin class
• Sinsamudar class sub

✈ Naval Aviation

• Douglas DT (1921)
• Naval Aircraft Factory PT (1922)
• Loening OL (1923)
• Huff-Daland TW-5 (1923)
• Martin MO (1924)
• Consolidated NY (1926)
• Vought FU (1927)
• Vought O2U/O3U Corsair (1928)
• Berliner-Joyce OJ (1931)
• Curtiss SOC seagull (1934)
• Grumman FF (1931)
• Grumman F2F (1933)
• Grumman F3F (1935)
• Northrop BT-1 (1935)
• Grumman J2F Duck (1936)
• Curtiss SBC Helldiver (1936)
• Vought SB2U Vindicator (1936)
• Brewster F2A Buffalo (1937)
• Douglas TBD Devastator (1937)
• Vought Kingfisher (1938)
• Curtiss SO3C Seamew (1939)
• Douglas SBD Dauntless (1939)
• Grumman F4F Wildcat (1940)
• Northrop N-3PB Nomad (1941)
• Brewster SB2A Buccaneer (1941)
• Grumman TBF/TBM Avenger (1941)
• Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf (1941)
• Grumman F6F Hellcat (1942)
• Vought F4U Corsair (1942) ➚
• F4U Corsair
• Curtiss SB2C Helldiver (1942)
• Curtiss SC Seahawk (1944)
• Douglas BTD Destroyer (1944)
• Grumman F7F Tigercat (1943)
• Grumman F8F Bearcat (1944)
• Ryan FR-1 Fireball (1944)
• Douglas XTB2D-1 Skypirate (1945) ➚
• Douglas AD-1 Skyraider (1945)
• Aeromarine 40 (1919)
• Naval Aircraft Factory PN (1925)
• Douglas T2D (1927)
• Consolidated P2Y (1929)
• Hall PH (1929)
• Douglas PD (1929)
• Douglas Dolphin (1931)
• General Aviation PJ (1933)
• Consolidated PBY Catalina (1935)
• Fleetwings Sea Bird (1936)
• Sikorsky VS-44 (1937)
• Grumman G-21 Goose (1937)
• Consolidated PB2Y Coronado (1937)
• Beechcraft M18 (1937)
• Sikorsky JRS (1938)
• Boeing 314 Clipper (1938)
• Martin PBM Mariner (1939)
• Grumman G-44 Wigeon (1940)
• Martin Mars (1943)
• Goodyear GA-2 Duck (1944)
• Edo Ose (1945) ➚
• Hugues Hercules (1947)
• Fairey Flycatcher (1922)
• Blackburn Backburn (1923)
• Blackburn Dart (1924)
• Blackburn Ripon (1926)
• Fairey IIIF (1927)
• Fairey Seal (1930)
• Vickers Vildebeest (1933)
• Blackburn Shark (1934)
• Blackburn Baffin (1934)
• Fairey Swordfish (1934)
• Blackburn Skua (1937)
• Gloster Sea Gladiator (1937)
• Blackburn Roc (1938)
• Fairey Albacore (1940)
• Fairey Fulmar (1940)
• Grumman Martlet (1941)
• Hawker sea Hurricane (1941)
• Brewster Bermuda (1942)
• Fairey Barracuda (1943)
• De Havilland Mosquito FB Mk.XVIII (1942)
• Grumman Gannet (1942)
• Supermarine seafire (1942)
• Grumman Tarpon (1943)
• Fairey Firefly (1943)
• Blackburn Firebrand (1944)
• Hawker Sea Fury (1944)
• Supermarine Seafang (1945)
• De Havilland Sea Mosquito (1945)
• De Havilland Sea Hornet (1946)
• Supermarine Channel (1919)
• Supermarine Sea King (1920)
• Fairey Pintail (1920)
• Supermarine Seagull (1922)
• Fairey N.4 (1923)
• Vickers Viking (1924)
• Supermarine Scarab (1924)
• English Electric Kingston (1924)
• Blackburn Velos (1925)
• Supermarine Southampton (1925)
• Blackburn Iris (1926)
• Saro A.17 Cutty Sark (1929)
• Saro A.19 Cloud (1930)
• Short Rangoon (1930)
• Short Kent (1931)
• Hawker Osprey (1932)
• Saro London (1934)
• Short S.19 Singapore (1934)
• Supermarine Scapa (1935)
• Supermarine Stranraer (1936)
• Supermarine Walrus (1936)
• Fairey Seafox (1936)
• Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp (1937)
• Short Sunderland (1937)
• Supermarine Sea Otter (1938)
• Short S.30/33 Empire (1938)
• Saro A36 Lerwick (1940)
• Short Seaford (1944)
• Mitsubishi 1MF (1923)
• Nakajima A1N (1930)
• Nakajima A2N (1932)
• Mitsubishi A5M "Claude" (1935)
• Nakajima A4N (1935)
• Mitsubishi A6M "zeke" (1940)
• Nakajima J1N Gekko "Irving" (1941)
• Mitsubishi J2M Raiden "Jack" (1942)
• Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden "George" (1942)
• Nakajima J5N Tenrai (1944)
• Aichi S1A Denko* (1944)
• Mitsubishi A7M reppu* (1944)
• Mitsubishi J8M1 Shusui* (1945)
• Mitsubishi J8M2 Shusui-kai* (1945)
• Kyushu J7W Shinden* (1945)
• Nakajima J9Y Kikka* (1945)
• Mitsubishi 1MT (1922)
• Mitsubishi B1M (1923)
• Mitsubishi B2M (1932)
• Kugisho B3Y (1932)
• Aichi D1A "Susie" (1934)
• Yokosuka B4Y "Jean" (1935)
• Mitsubishi B5M "Mabel" (1937)
• Nakajima B5N "Kate" (1937)
• Aichi D3A "Val" (1940)
• Nakajima B6N "Jill" (1941)
• Aichi B7A "Grace" (1942)
• Nakajima C6N Saiun "Myrt" (1942)
• Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" (1942)
• Yokosuka MXY-7 "Baka" (1944)
• Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" (1935)
• Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" (1941)
• Kawanishi P1Y Ginga "Frances" (1943)
• Kyushu Q1W Tokai "Lorna" (1943)
• Tachikawa Ki-74 "Patsy" (1944)
• Nakajima G8N Renzan "Rita" (1944)
• Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
• Nakajima C2N1 (1931)
• Yokosuka K5Y1 "Willow" (1933)
• Nakajima L1N1 (1937)
• Kawanishi H6K2/4-L (1938)
• Kyushu K10W1 "Oak" (1941)
• Kyushu K11W1 Shiragiku (1942)
• Mitsubishi L4M1 (1942)
• Nakajima G5N Shinzan "Liz" (1942)
• Yokosuka L3Y "Tina" (1942)
• Kyushu Q1W1-K "Lorna"(1943)
• Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan (1943)
• Yokosuka MXY-7K-1 "Kai" (1944)
• Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa (1945)
• Hiro H1H (1926)
• Yokosuka E1Y (1926)
• Nakajima E2N (1927)
• Aichi E3A (1929)
• Yokosuka K4Y (1930)
• Nakajima E4N (1931)
• Nakajima E8N "Dave" (1935)
• Kawanishi E7K "Alf" (1935)
• Kawanishi E11K1 (1937)
• Aichi E11A "Laura" (1938)
• Watanabe E9W (1938)
• Watanabe K8W* (1938)
• Mitsubishi F1M "pete" (1941)
• Nakajima E14Y "Glen" (1941)
• Aichi E13A "Jake" (1941)
• Aichi H9A (1942)
• Nakajima A6M2-N (1942)
• Kawanishi E15K Shiun (1942)
• Kawanishi N1K1 "Rex" (1943)
• Aichi E16A "Zuiun" (1944)
• Aichi M6A1 Seiran (1945)
• Kawanishi E11K* (1937)
• Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" (1938)
• Kawanishi K6K* (1938)
• Kawanishi H6K3 (1939)
• Kawanishi K8K (1940)
• Kawanishi H8K "Emily" (1942)
• Yokosuka H5Y "Cherry" (1936)
• Mitsubishi 2MR (1923)
• Yokosho K1Y (1924)
• Yokosuka K2Y (1928)
• Hitachi LXG1 (1934)
• Kyushu K10W "Oak" (1943)
• CANT Z.501 Gabbiano
• CANT Z.506 Airone
• Caproni Ca.316
• Fiat CR.20 Idro
• Savoia-Marchetti S.55
• Savoia-Marchetti S.57
• Savoia-Marchetti S.59
• Savoia-Marchetti SM.62
• Levasseur PL5/9 (1924)
• Wibault 74 (1926)
• CAMS 37 (1926)
• Gourdou-Leseurre GL.300 series (1926-39)
• Levasseur PL7 (1928)
• Levasseur PL10 (1929)
• Latécoere 290 (1931)
• Breguet 521/22/23 (1931)
• Leo H257 bis (1932)
• Latécoere 300 series (1932)
• Morane 226 (1934)
• Dewoitine 376 (1934)
• Latécoere 321 (1935)
• Potez 452 (1935)
• Latécoere 38.1 (1936)
• Loire 210 (1936)
• Leo H43 (1936)
• Levasseur PL107 (1937)
• Loire 130 (1937)
• Dewoitine HD.730 (1938)
• Latecoere 298 (1938)
• LN 401 (1938)
• Shavrov SH-2 (1928)
• Tupolev TB-1P (1931)
• Tupolev MR-6 (1933)
• Beriev MBR-2 (1930)
• Beriev Be-2 (1936)
• Beriev BE-4 (1940)
• Tupolev MTB-1 (1941)
• Tupolev MTB-2 (1942)
• Arado 197 (1937)
• Fieseler Fi-167 (1938)
• Junkers Ju-87C (1938)
• Messerschmitt Me 109T (1941)
• Messerschmitt 155 (1944)
• Heinkel HE 1 (1921)
• Caspar U1 (1922)
• Dornier Do J Wal (1922)
• Dornier Do 16 ‘Wal’ (1923)
• Heinkel HE 2 (1923)
• Junkers A 20/Ju 20 (1923)
• Rohrbach Ro II (1923)
• Rohrbach Ro III (1924)
• Dornier Do D (1924)
• Dornier Do E (1924)
• Junkers G 24 (1924)
• Rohrbach Ro IV (1925)
• Heinkel HD 14 (1925)
• Heinkel HE 25 (1925)
• Heinkel HE 26 (1925)
• Heinkel HE 24 (1926)
• Heinkel HE 4 (1926)
• Junkers W 33/34 (1926)
• Heinkel HE 5 (1926)
• Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe (1926)
• Rohrbach Ro V Rocco (1927)
• Heinkel HE 31 (1927)
• Heinkel HE 8 (1927)
• Arado W II (1928)
• Heinkel HD 9 (1928)
• Heinkel HD 16 (1928)
• Heinkel He 55 (1929)
• Heinkel He 56 (1929)
• Arado SSD I (1930)
• Junkers Ju 52w (1930)
• Heinkel HE 42 (1931)
• Heinkel He 50 (1931)
• Heinkel He 59 (1931)
• Arado Ar 66 (1932)
• Heinkel He 58 (1932)
• Junkers Ju 46 (1932)
• Klemm Kl 35bW (1932)
• Heinkel He 62 (1932)
• Heinkel He 60 (1933)
• Heinkel He 51w (1933)
• Arado Ar 95 (1937)
• Arado Ar 196 (1937)
• Arado Ar 199 (1939)
• Blohm & Voss Ha 139 (1936)
• Blohm & Voss BV 138 (1937)
• Blohm & Voss Ha 140 (1937)
• Blohm & Voss BV 222 (1938)
• Blohm & Voss BV 238 (1942)
• Dornier Do 24/318 (1937)
• Dornier Do 18 (1935)
• Dornier Do 26 (1938)
• Dornier Do 22 (1938)
• DFS Seeadler (1936)
• Focke-Wulf Fw 58W (1935)
• Focke-Wulf Fw 62 (1937)
• Heinkel He 114 (1936)
• Heinkel He 115 (1936)
• Heinkel He 119 (1936)
• Fokker W.3 (1915)
• Fokker T.II (1921)
• Fokker B.I/III (1922)
• Fokker B.II (1923)
• Fokker T.III (1924)
• Fokker T.IV (1927)
• Fokker B.IV (1928)
• Fokker C.VII W (1928)
• Fokker C.VIII W (1929)
• Fokker C.XI W (1934)
• Fokker C.XIV-W (1937)
• Fokker T.VIII-W (1939)

☢ The Cold War

☭ warsaw pact.

• Chapayev class (1945)
• Kynda class (1961)
• Kresta I class (1964)
• Kresta II class (1968)
• Kara class (1969)
• Kirov class (1977)
• Slava class (1979)
• Moksva class (1965)
• Kiev class (1975)
• Kusnetsov class aircraft carriers (1988)
• Skoryi class destroyers (1948)
• Neustrashimyy (1951)
• Kotlin class (1953)
• Kildin class (1959)
• Krupny class (1959)
• Kashin class (1963)
• Kanin class (1967)
• Sovremenny class (1978)
• Udaloy class (1980)
• Project Anchar DDN (1988)
• Kola class (1951)
• Riga class (1954)
• Petya class (1960)
• Mirka class (1964)
• Grisha class (1968)
• Krivak class (1970)
• Koni class (1976)
• Neustrashimyy class (1988)
• Poti class (1962)
• Nanuchka class (1968)
• Pauk class (1978)
• Tarantul class (1981)
• Dergach class (1987)
• Svetlyak class (1989)
• Whiskey SSK (1948)
• Zulu SSK (1952)
• Quebec SSK (1950)
• Romeo SSK (1957)
• November SSN (1957)
• Golf SSB (1957)
• Hotel SSBN (1959)
• Echo I SSGN (1959)
• Echo II SSGN (1961)
• Juliett SSG (1962)
• Foxtrot SSK (1963)
• Victor SSN I (1965)
• Yankee SSBN (1966)
• Alfa SSN (1967)
• Charlie SSGN (1968)
• Papa SSGN (1968)
• Victor II SSN (1971)
• Tango SSK (1972)
• Delta I SSBN (1972)
• Delta II SSBN (1975)
• Victor III SSN (1977)
• Delta III SSBN (1976)
• Delta IV SSBN (1980)
• Typhoon SSBN (1980)
• Oscar SSGN (1980)
• Sierra SSN (1982)
• Mike SSN (1983)
• Akula SSN (1984)
• Kilo SSK (1986)
• Kamov Ka-10 Hat
• Kamov Ka-15 Hen
• Kamov Ka-18 Hog
• Kamov Ka-25 Hormone
• Kamov Ka-27 Helix
• Mil Mi-14 Haze
• Mil Mi-4 Hound
• Yakovlev Yak-38
• Sukhoi Su-17
• Sukhoi Su-24
• Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle
• Myasishchev M-4 Bison
• Tupolev Tu-14 Bosun
• Tupolev Tu-142
• Ilyushin Il-38
• Tupolev Tu-16
• Antonov An-12
• Tupolev Tu-22
• Tupolev Tu-95
• Tupolev Tu-22M
• Beriev Be-6 Madge
• Beriev Be-10 Mallow
• Beriev Be-12
• Lun class Ekranoplanes
• A90 Orlan Ekranoplanes
• P2 class FACs
• P4 class FACs
• P6 class FACs
• P8 class FACs
• P10 class FACs
• Komar class FACs (1960)
• Project 184 FACs
• OSA class FACs
• Shershen class FACs
• Mol class FACs
• Turya class HFL
• Matka class HFL
• Pchela class FACs
• Sarancha class HFL
• Babochka class HFL
• Mukha class HFL
• Muravey class HFL
• MO-V sub-chasers
• MO-VI sub-chasers
• Stenka class sub-chasers
• kronstadt class PBs
• SO-I class PBs
• Poluchat class PBs
• Zhuk clas PBs
• MO-105 sub-chasers
• Project 191 River Gunboats
• Shmel class river GB
• Yaz class river GB
• Piyavka class river GB
• Vosh class river GB
• Saygak class river GB
• Yurka class
• Gorya class
• Project 255 class
• Sasha class
• Vanya class
• Zhenya class
• Almaz class
• Sonya class
• Yevgenya class
• Andryusha class
• Ilyusha class
• Alesha class
• Rybak class
• Baltika class
• SChS-150 class
• Project 696 class
• MP 10 class
• Polocny class
• Ropucha class
• Alligator class
• Ivan Rogov class
• Aist class HVC
• Pomornik class HVC
• Gus class HVC
• T-4 class LC
• Ondatra class LC
• Lebed class HVC
• Tsaplya class HVC
• Utenov class

• Parchim class corvettes (1985)
• Hai class sub-chasers (1958)
• Volksmarine's minesweepers
• Volksmarine's FAC
• Volksmarine's Landing ships

• ORP Warzsawa (1970)
• ORP Kaszub (1986)
• Polish Landing ships
• Polish FACs
• Polish Patrol ships
• Polish Minesweepers

• Missile Destroyer Muntenia (1982)
• Tetal class Frigates (1981)
• Romanian river patrol crafts

✦ NATO

• Zerstorer class DDs (1958)
• Hamburg class DDs (1960)
• Lütjens class missile DDs (1965)
• Gneisenau class FFs (1958)
• Scharnhorst class FFs (1959)
• Köln class FFs (1958)
• Deutschland FFG (1960)
• Bremen class FFs (1979)
• Brandenbug class FFs (1992)
• Hai class SSK (1957)
• Type 201 class SSK (1961)
• Type 202 class SSK (1965)
• Type 205 class SSK (1962)
• Type 206 class SSK (1971)
• Type 209 class SSK (1972)
• Bundesmarine amphibious ships
• Thetis class corvettes
• Corvette Hans Burkner
• Rhein class suppert ships
• Mosel class support ships
• Lahn class support ships
• Silbermöwe class FACs
• Jaguar class FACs
• Hugin/Pfeil FACs
• Zobel class FACs
• S41 class FACs
• S61 class FACs
• S71 class FACs
• KW class PBs
• Kw 15 class PBs
• Neustadt class PBs
• Bamberg class minelayers
• Sachsenwald class mine transports
• Type 319 minesweepers
• Lindau class minesweepers
• Vegesack class minesweepers
• Schutze class minesweepers
• Bundesmarine R Boote
• Hansa inshore Ms.
• Ariadne class inshore Ms.
• Frauenlob class inshore Ms.
• Holnis class indhore Ms.
• Hameln class indhore Ms.
• Frankentahl class indhore Ms.
• Hvidbjornen class Frigates (1962)
• Frigate Beskytteren (1976)
• Peder Skram class Frigates (1965)
• Thetis class frigates (1989)
• Bellona class corvettes (1955)
• Niels Juel class corvettes (1979)
• Delfinen class submarines (1958)
• Narhvalen class submarines (1970)
• Bille class Torpedo Boats (1946)
• Flyvefisken class Torpedo Boats (1954)
• Falken class Torpedo Boats (1960)
• Soloven class Torpedo Boats (1962)
• Willemoes class FAC (1976)
• Flyvefisken class FAC (1989)
• Daphne class Patrol Boats (1960)
• Danish Minelayers
• Danish Minesweepers
• CV Karel Doorman (1948)
• De Zeven Provinciën class cruisers (1945)
• Holland class DDs (1953)
• Friesland class DDs (1953)
• Roodfier class Frigates (1953)
• Frigate Lynx (1954)
• Van Speijk class Frigates (1965)
• Tromp class Frigates (1973)
• Kortenaer class frigates (1976)
• Van H. class Frigates (1983)
• K. Doorman class Frigates (1988)
• Dolfijn clas sub. (1959)
• Zwaardvis class subs. (1970)
• Walrus class subs. (1985)
• ATD Rotterdam (1990s)
• Dokkum class minesweepers (1954)
• Alkmaar class minesweepers (1982)
• Hydra class FFs (1990)
• Greek cold war Subs
• Greek Amphibious ships
• Greek MTBs/FACs
• Greek Patrol Vessels

• Eithne class PBs (1983)
• Cliona class PBs
• Deidre/Emer class PBs
• Orla class fast PBs

• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1983)
• Conte di Cavour (2004)*
• Trieste (2022)*
• Missile cruiser Garibaldi (1960)
• Doria class H. cruisers (1962)
• Vittorio Veneto (1969)
• Impetuoso class (1956)
• Impavido class (1957)
• Audace class (1971)
• De La Penne class (1989)
• Orizzonte class (2007)*
• Grecale class (1949)
• Canopo class (1955)
• Bergamini class (1960)
• Alpino class (1967)
• Lupo class (1976)
• Maestrale class (1981)
• Bergamini class (2013)*
• Thaon di Revel class (2020)*
• Albatros class (1954)
• De Cristofaro class (1965)
• Minerva class (1987)
• Cassiopeia class (1989)
• Esploratore class (1997)*
• Sirio class (2003)*
• Commandanti class (2004)*
• Toti class (1967)
• Sauro class (1976)
• Pelosi class (1986)
• Sauro class (1992)*
• Todaro class (2006)*
• San Giorgio LSD (1987)
• Gorgona class CTS (1987)
• Italian Landing Crafts (1947-2020)
• Folgore PB (1952)
• Lampo class PBs (1960)
• Freccia class PBs (1965)
• Sparviero class GMHF (1973)
• Stromboli class AOR (1975)
• Anteo SRS (1980)
• Etna class LSS (1988)
• Vulcano AOR (1998)*
• Elettra EWSS (2003)*
• Etna AOR (2021)*
• Lerici class (1982)
• Gaeta class (1992)*

• Jean Bart (1949)
• Dixmude (1946)
• Arromanches (1946)
• Lafayette class light carriers (1954)
• PA 28 class project (1947)
• Clemenceau class (1957)
• Jeanne d'Arc (1961)
• PA 58 (1958)
• PH 75/79 (1975)
• Charles de Gaulle (1994)
• De Grasse (1946)
• Chateaurenault class (1950)
• Colbert (1956)
• Surcouf class (1953)
• Duperre class (1956)
• La Galissonniere class (1960)
• Suffren class (1965)
• Aconit (1970)
• Tourville class (1972)
• G. Leygues class (1976)
• Cassard class (1985)
• Le Corse class (1952)
• Le Normand class (1954)
• Cdt Riviere class (1958)
• Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
• Lafayette class (1990)
• Floreal class (1990)
• La Creole class (1940)
• Narval class (1954)
• Arethuse class (1957)
• Daphne class (1959)
• Gymnote test SSBN (1964)
• Le Redoutable SSBN (1967)
• Agosta SSN (1974)
• Rubis SSN (1979)
• Amethyste SSN (1988)
• Le Triomphant SSBN (started 1989)
• Issole (1958)
• EDIC class (1958)
• Trieux class (1958)
• Ouragan lass (1963)
• Champlain lass (1973)
• Bougainville (1986)
• Foudre class (1988)
• CDIC lass (1989)
• Le Fougueux class (1958)
• La Combattante class (1964)
• Trident class (1976)
• L'Audacieuse class (1984)
• Grebe class (1989)
• Sirius class (1952)
• Circe class (1972)
• Eridan class (1979)
• Vulcain class (1986)

• HCMS Bonaventure (1957)
• St Laurent class DDE (1951)
• Algonquin class DDE (1952)
• Restigouche class DDs (1954)
• Mackenzie class DDs (1961)
• Annapolis class DDH (1963)
• Iroquois class DDH (1970)
• River (mod) 1955
• Tribal class FFs (Pjct)
• City class DDH (1988)
• Ojibwa class sub. (1964)
• Kingston class MCFV (1995)

• Cold War Aircraft Carriers
• Centaur class (1947)
• HMS Victorious (1957)
• HMS Eagle (1946)
• HMS Ark Royal (1950)
• HMS Hermes (1953)
• CVA-01 class (1966 project)
• Invincible class (1977)
• Tiger class (1945)
• Daring class (1949)
• 1953 design (project)
• Cavendish class (1944)
• FADEP program (1946)
• County class GMD (1959)
• Bristol class GMD (1969)
• Sheffield class GMD (1971)
• Manchester class GMD (1980)
• Type 43 GMD (1974)
• Rapid class (1942)
• Tenacious class (1941)
• Whitby class (1954)
• Blackwood class (1953)
• Leopard class (1954)
• Salisbury class (1953)
• Tribal class (1959)
• Rothesay class (1957)
• Leander class (1961)
• BB Leander class (1967)
• HMS Mermaid (1966)
• Amazon class (1971)
• Broadsword class (1976)
• Boxer class (1981)
• Cornwall class (1985)
• Duke class (1987)
• T (conv.) class (1944)
• T (Stream) class (1945)
• A (Mod.) class (1944)
• Explorer class (1954)
• Strickleback class (1954)
• Porpoise class (1956)
• Oberon class (1959)
• HMS Dreanought SSN (1960)
• Valiant class SSN (1963)
• Resolution class SSBN (1966)
• Swiftsure class SSN (1971)
• Trafalgar class SSN (1981)
• Upholder class (1986)
• Vanguard class SSBN (started)
• Fearless class (1963)
• HMS Ocean (started)
• Sir Lancelot LLS (1963)
• Sir Galahad (1986)
• Ardennes/Avon class (1976)
• Brit. LCVPs (1963)
• Brit. LCM(9) (1980)
• Ton class (1952)
• Ham class (1947)
• Ley class (1952)
• HMS Abdiel (1967)
• HMS Wilton (1972)
• Hunt class (1978)
• Venturer class (1979)
• River class (1983)
• Sandown class (1988)
• HMS Argus ATS (1988)
• Ford class SDF (1951)
• Cormorant class (1985)
• Kingfisger class (1974)
• HMS Jura OPV (1975)
• Island class OPVs (1976)
• HMS Speedy PHDF (1979)
• Castle class OPVs (1980)
• Peacock class OPVs (1982)
• MBT 538 class (1948)
• Gay class FACs (1952)
• Dark class FACs (1954)
• Bold class FACs (1955)
• Brave class FACs (1957)
• Tenacity class PCs (1967)
• Brave class FPCs (1969)

• Dédalo aircraft carrier (1967)
• Principe de Asturias (1982)
• Alava class DDs (1946)
• Audaz class DDs (1955)
• Oquendo class DDs (1956)
• Roger de Lauria class (1967)
• Baleares class FFs (1971)
• Descubierta class FFs (1978)
• Numancia class FFs (1987)
• Pizarro class gunboats (1944)
• Artevida class Cvs (1952)
• Serviola class Cvs (1990)
• Spanish cold-war submarines
• Spanish FACs
• Spanish Minesweepers
• Tre Kronor class (1946)
• Halland class DDs (1952) (1945)
• Ostergotland class DDs (1956)
• Spica III class Corvettes (1984)
• Goteborg class Corvettes (1989)
• U1 class subs (mod.1963)
• Hajen class subs (1954)
• Sjoormen class subs (1967)
• Nacken class subs (1978)
• Vastergotland class subs (1986)
• Gotland class subs (1995)
• T32 class MTBs (1951)
• T42 class MTBs (1955)
• Plejad class FACs (1951)
• Spica I class FACs (1966)
• Spica II class FACs (1972)
• Hugin class FACs (1973)
• Swedish Patrol Boats
• Swedish minesweepers
• Swedish Icebreakers

• Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
• Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
• Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
• LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
• Fuh Chow class FAC
• Lung Chiang class FAC
• Hai Ou class FAC(M)
• MWW 50 class minehunters

• Berk class FFs (1971)
• Atilay class sub. (1974)
• Cakabey class LST
• Osman Gazi class LST
• Turkish Fast Attack Crafts
• Turkish Patrol Boats

• Aircraft carriers
• United States class (1950)
• Essex SBC-27 (1950s)
• Midway class (mod)
• Forrestal class (1954)
• Kitty Hawk class (1960)
• USS Enterprise (1960)
• Nimitz Class (1972)
• Iowa Class (cold war)
• Des Moines Class (1947)
• Worcester Class (1948)
• Boston Class (1955)
• Galveston Class (1958)
• Providence Class (1958)
• Albany Class (1962)
• USS Long Beach (1960)
• Leahy Class (1961)
• USS Bainbridge (1961)
• Belknap Class (1963)
• USS Truxtun (1964)
• California Class (1971)
• Virginia Class (1974)
• CSGN Class (1976)
• Ticonderoga Class (1981)
• Mitscher class (1952)
• Fletcher DDE (1950s)
• USS Norfolk (1953)
• F. Sherman class (1956)
• Farragut class (1958)
• Charles F. Adams class (1958)
• Gearing FRAM I class (1960s)
• Sumner FRAM II class (1970s)
• Spruance class (1975)
• Dealey class (1953)
• Claud Jones class (1958)
• Bronstein class (1962)
• Garcia class (1963)
• Brooke class (1963)
• Knox class (1966)
• OH Perry class (1976)
• Guppy class Submarines (1946-59)
• Barracuda class SSK (1951)
• Tang class SSK (1951)
• USS Darter SSK (1956)
• Mackerel (T1) class SSK (1953)
• USS Albacore SSK (1953)
• USS X1 Midget subs (1955)
• Barbel class SSK (1958)
• USS Nautilus SSN (1954)
• USS Seawolf SSN (1955)
• Skate class SSN (1957)
• Skipjack class SSN (1958)
• USS Tullibee SSN (1960)
• Tresher/Permit class SSN (1960)
• Sturgeon class SSN (1963)
• Los Angeles class SSN (1974)
• Seawolf class SSN (1989)
• Grayback class SSBN (1957)
• USS Halibut SSBN (1959)
• Gato SSG (1960s)
• E. Allen class SSBN (1960)
• G. Washington class SSBN (1969)
• Lafayette class SSBN (1962)
• Ohio class SSBN (1979)
• Migraine class RP (1950s)
• Sailfish class RP (1955)
• USS Triton class RP (1958)
• Iwo Jima class HC (1960)
• Tarawa class LHD (1973)
• Wasp class LHD (1987)
• Thomaston class LSD (1954)
• Raleigh class LSD (1962)
• Austin class LSD (1964)
• Anchorage class LSD (1968)
• Whibdey Island class LSD (1983)
• Parish class LST (1952)
• County class LST (1957)
• Newport class LST (1968)
• Tulare class APA (1953)
• Charleston class APA (1967)
• USS Carronade support ship (1953)
• Agile class (1952)
• Ability (1956)
• Avenger (1987)
• USS Cardinal (1983)
• Adjutant class (1953)
• USS Cove (1958)
• USS Bittern (1957)
• Minesweeping boats/launches
• USS Northampton CS (1951)
• Blue Ridge class CS (1969)
• Wright class CS (1969)
• PT812 class (1950)
• Nasty class FAC (1962)
• Osprey class FAC (1967)
• Asheville class FACs (1966)
• USN Hydrofoils (1962-81)
• Vietnam Patrol Boats (1965-73)
• Hamilton class (1965)
• Reliance class (1963)
• Bear class (1979)
• cold war CG PBs

☯ ASIA

• Type 7 Anshan class (1955)
• Type 051 Luda class (1972)
• Type 052 Luhu Class (1991)
• Type 065 Chengdu class (1956)
• Type 065 Jiangnan class (1967)
• Type 053K Jiangdong class (1973)
• Type 053H Jianghu class (1977)
• Type 053H2G Jiangwei I class (1990)
• Type 03 class (1956)
• Type 033 class (1963)
• Ming class (1973)
• Han class SSN (1970)
• Xia class SSBN (1981)
• Wuhan class SSBN (1987)
• Huchuan class THF (1966)
• Hoku class FAC (1965)
• Huangfeng class FAC (1966)
• Hola class FAC (1966)
• Houxin/Houjian class FAC (1990s)
• Yu Ling class LST (1971)
• Yukan class LST (1978)
• Yudao class LST (1980)
• Yunnan class LC (1968)
• Huangpu class RPC (1950)
• Shantou class CPC (1956)
• Shanghai class LPC (1959)
• Hainan class LPC (1964)
• Yulin class RPC (1964)
• Haikou class LPC (1968)
• Haijui class LPfC (1987)
• Chinese Minesweepers

• Vikrant class CVs (1961)
• Viraat class CVs (1986)
• Cruiser Delhi (1948)
• Cruiser Mysore (1957)
• Raja class DDs (1949)
• Rajput class DDs (1980)
• Delhi class DDs (1990)
• Khukri class FFs (1956)
• Talwar class FFs (1958)
• Brahmaputra class FFs (1957)
• Nilgiri class FFs (1968)
• Godavari class FFs (1980)
• Kusura class subs (1970)
• Shishumar class subs (1984)
• Sindhugosh class subs (1986)
• Indian Amphibious ships
• Indian corvettes (1969-90)
• Khukri class corvettes (1989)
• SDB Mk.2 class PBs (1977)
• Vikram class OPVs (1979)
• Sukanya class OPVs (1989)

• Fatahilla class Frigates (1977)
• Pattimura class corvettes (1956)
• Indonesian Marines
• Indonesian Mine Vessels
• Indonesian FAC/OPVs

• Harukaze class DD (1955)
• Ayanami class DD (1957)
• Murasame class DD (1958)
• Akizuki class DD (1959)
• Amatukaze missile DD (1963)
• Yamagumo class DDE (1965)
• Takatsuki class DD (1966)
• Minegumo class DDE (1967)
• Haruna class DDH (1971)
• Tachikaze class DD (1974)
• Shirane class DDH (1978)
• Hatsuyuki class DDs (1980)
• Hatakaze class DDs (1984)
• Asigiri class DDs (1986)
• Kongo class DDs (started 1990)
• Akebono class FFs (1955)
• Isuzu class FFs (1961)
• Chikugo class FFs (1970)
• Ishikari class FFs (1980)
• Yubari class FFs (1982)
• Abukuma class FFs (1988)
• Oyashio class Sub. (1959)
• Hayashio class Sub. (1961)
• Natsushio class Sub. (1963)
• Oshio class Sub. (1964)
• Uzushio class Sub. (1970)
• Yushio class Sub. (1979)
• Harushio class Sub. (1989)
• Japanese Landing Ships
• Japanese Large Patrol Ships
• Japanese Patrol Crafts
• Japanese Minesweepers
• Japanese Sub-chasers

• Najin class Frigates
• Experimental Frigate Soho
• Sariwan class Corvettes
• Sinpo class subs.
• Sang-O class subs.
• Yono class subs.
• Yugo class subs.
• Hungnam class LCM
• Hante class LST
• Songjong class HVC
• Sin Hung/Ku Song FACs
• Anju class FACs
• Iwon class FACs
• Chaho class FACs
• Hong Jin class FAC-G
• Sohung class MTBs
• Sinpo class MTBs
• Nampo class FALC

• Datu Kalantian class Frigates (1976)
• Bacolod City class LS(L)
• Philippino Patrol Crafts

• Ulsan class frigates (1980)
• Pohang class corvettes (1984)
• Dong Hae class corvettes (1982)
• Han Kang class patrol corvettes (1985)
• Chamsuri (PKM 268) PBs (1978)
• ROKS coast guard vessels
• Paek Ku class FAC (1975)
• Kang Keong class minehunters (1986)

☪ MIDDLE EAST

• Eilat class Corvettes (1993)
• SAAR 5 Project
• SAAR 4.5 FAC
• Dvora class FAC
• Shimrit class MHFs
• IDF FACs/PBs
• Etzion Geber LST
• Ash class LCT

• Destroyer Artemiz (1965)
• Bayandor class FFs (1963)
• Alvand class FFs (1969)
• Khalije Fars class DDs (2016)*

♅ OCEANIA

• HMAS Sydney (1948*)
• HMAS Melbourne (1955*)
• Tobruk class DDs (1947)
• Voyager class DDs (1952)
• Perth class MDD (1963)
• Quadrant class FFs (1953)
• Yarra class FFs (1958)
• Swan class FFs (1967)
• Adelaide class MFFs (1978)
• Anzac class MFFs (1990s)
• Oxley class subs (1965)
• Collins class subs (1990s)
• Australian Amphibious ships
• Fremantle class PBs

• HMNZS Royalist (1956)
• Pukaki class patrol Crafts (1974)
• Moa class patrol crafts (1983)
• HMNZS Aotearoa (2019)*

☩ South America

• ARA Independencia (1958)
• ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1968)
• Belgrano class cruisers (1951)
• Almirante Brown class Frigates (1981)
• Mantilla class corvettes (1981)
• Espora class corvettes (1982)
• Salta class submarines (1972)
• Santa Cruz class submarines (1982)

• Minas Gerais aircraft carrier (1956)
• Cruiser Barroso (1951)
• Cruiser Tamandare (1951)
• Acre class destroyers (1945)
• Niteroi class Frigates (1974)
• Ihnauma class Frigate (1986)
• Tupi class submarines (1987)
• Brazilian patrol ships
• O'Higgins class cruisers
• Lattore Cruiser (1971)
• Almirante class destroyers (1960)
• Prat class M. Destroyers (1982)
• Almirante Lynch class Frigates (1972)
• Thomson class subs (1982)
• Small surface combatants

• Almirante Grau(ii) class
• Almirante Grau(iii) class
• Abtao class sub.
• PR-72P class corvettes
• Velarde class OPVs

℣ AFRICA

• October class FAC/M (1975)
• Ramadan class FAC/M (1979)

• Wager class destroyers (1950)
• President class Frigates (1960)
• Maria Van Riebeeck class subs (1969)
• Astrant class subs (1977)
• Minister class FAC(M) (1977)
• SANDF Minesweepers

✚ MORE

• ⚔ Indochina War naval ops
• ⚔ Korean War naval ops
• ⚔ 1956 intervention in Suez
• ⚔ 1960 Cuban crisis
• ⚔ 1960 US/Soviet compared strenghts
• ⚔ 1963-69 Algerian war naval ops
• ⚔ Naval warfare in Vietnam
• ⚔ Middle East naval fights
• ⚔ 1980 Falkland wars
• ⚔ 1990 Gulf War
• ⚔ Modern PLAN
• Grumman Mallard 1946
• Edo OSE-1 1946
• Short Solent 1946
• de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver 1947
• Grumman Albatross 1947
• Hughes H-4 Hercules (completed & first flight, prototype)
• Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1947 (jet fighter seaplane prototype)
• Short Sealand 1947
• Martin P5M Marlin 1948
• Supermarine Seagull ASR-1 1948 (prototype successor to the Walrus)
• Nord 1400 Noroit 1949
• Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (interesting Norwegian prototype)
• SNCASE SE-1210 French prototype flying boat 1949
• Convair R3Y Tradewind USN patrol flying boat 1950
• Goodyear Drake (proto seaboat) 1950
• de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter 1951 (RCAN)
• Saunders-Roe Princess 1952 (RN requisition possible)
• Convair F2Y Sea Dart Prototype delta jet fighter seaplane 1953
• Martin P6M SeaMaster strategic bomber flying boat 1955
• Ikarus Kurir H 1957
• Shin Meiwa UF-XS prototype 1962
• Shin Meiwa PS-1 patrol flying boat 1967
• Canadair CL-215 1967 water bomber, some operated by the RCAN
• GAF Nomad patrol australian land/floatplane 1971
• Harbin SH-5 Main PLAN patrol flying boat 1976
• Cessna 208 Caravan transport flotplane (some navies) 1982
• Dornier Seastar prototype 1984

Patrol Planes

• ATR 42 MP Surveyor (Italy, 1984)
• ATR 72 MP (Italy 1988)
• ATR 72 ASW (France, 1988)
• Breguet Atlantic (France 1965)
• Nord 1402 Noroit (France 1949)
• Avro Shackleton (UK 1949)
• BAE Nimrod MRA4 (UK 2004)
• Britten-Norman Defender/Islander (UK 1970)
• Fairey Gannet (UK 1949)
• Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod (UK 1967)
• Beechcraft King Air (USA 1963)
• Basler BT-67 (USA 1990)
• Boeing 737 Surveiller (USA 1967)
• Boeing P-8 Poseidon (USA 2009)
• Lockheed P-2 Neptune (USA, 1945)
• Lockheed P-3 Orion (USA 1959)
• Martin P4M Mercator (USA 1946)
• Convair P5Y (USA 1950)
• Douglas/BSAS Turbo Dakota (USA 1991)
• Bombardier DHC-8 MPA/MSA (Can 2007)
• Canadair CP-107 Argus (Can 1957)
• CASA C-212 MPA (Spain 1971)
• CASA/IPTN CN-235 MPA/HC-144 Ocean Sentry (Spain 1983)
• CASA C-295 MPA (Spain 1997)
• Diamond DA42 Guardian (Austria 2002)
• Dornier 228 (Germany 1981)
• Embraer EMB 111 Bandeirante (Brazil 1968)
• Embraer R-99 (Brazil 2001)
• Embraer P-99 (Brazil 2003)
• Fokker F27 200-MAR (NL 1955)
• Fokker F27 Maritime Enforcer (NL 1955)
• IAI 1124N Sea Scan (Israel 1977)
• Kawasaki P-1 (Japan 2007)
• Kawasaki P-2J (Japan 1966)
• Saab Swordfish (Sweden 2016)
• Shaanxi Y-8F,Q,X (China 1984)
• Short Seavan (UK 1976)
• Beriev Be-8 1947
• Beriev Be-6 1949
• Beriev R-1 turbojet prototype seaplane 1952
• Beriev Be-10 1956
• Beriev Be-12 Chaika 1960
• Beriev Be-40/A-40 Albatross prototypes 1986
• Chetverikov TA-1 1947
• Ilyushin Il-38 'May' (USSR 1967)
• Myasishchev 3M/3MD (USSR 1956)
• Tupolev Tu-16T/PL/R/RM/SP (USSR 1952)
• Tupolev Tu-95MR (USSR 1961)
• Tupolev Tu-142 (USSR 1968)

Carrier Planes

• Douglas A-3 Skywarrior
• Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
• Douglas A2D Skyshark
• Douglas AD Skyraider
• Douglas F3D Skynight
• Douglas F4D Skyray
• Grumman A-6 Intruder
• Grumman AF Guardian
• Grumman C-1 Trader
• Grumman C-2 Greyhound
• Grumman E-1 Tracer
• Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
• Grumman EA-6B Prowler
• Grumman F-9 Cougar
• Grumman F9F Panther
• Grumman F-11 Tiger
• Grumman F-14 Tomcat ➚
• Grumman S-2 Tracker
• Lockheed Martin F-35B
• Lockheed S-3 Viking ➚
• McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
• McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk
• McDonnell FH Phantom
• McDonnell F2H Banshee
• McDonnell F3H Demon
• McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
• McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
• North American A-5 Vigilante
• North American AJ Savage
• North American FJ Fury
• North American T-2 Buckeye
• North American T-28 Trojan
• Vought A-7 Corsair
• Vought F-8 Crusader
• Vought F6U Pirate
• Vought F7U Cutlass
• Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
• Boeing EA-18G Growler

• Blackburn Buccaneer
• Boulton Paul Sea Balliol
• BAe Sea Harrier
• de Havilland Sea Vampire
• de Havilland Sea Venom
• de Havilland Sea Vixen
• Fairey Gannet
• Hawker Sea Hawk
• Short Seamew
• Westland Wyvern
• Breguet Alizé
• Dassault Étendard IV
• Dassault Super Étendard
• Dassault Rafale M
• Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr M
• SNCASE Aquilon

• Sukhoi Su-25UTG/UBP
• Sukhoi Su-33

Navy Helicopters

• Harbin Z-5 (1958)
• Harbin Z-9 Haitun (1981)
• Changhe Z-8 (1985)
• Harbin Z-20 (in development)
• Agusta Bell AB-205 (1961)
• Agusta Bell AB-212 (1971)
• Agusta AS-61 (1968)
• Hal Dhruv (Indian Navy)
• Alouette II (1955)
• Alouette III (1959)
• Super Frelon (1965)
• Super Cougar H225M ()
• MH-65 Dolphin ()
• UH-72 Lakota ()
• MBB Bo 105 (1967)
• NHIndustries NH90
• Mitsubishi H-60 (1987)
• PZL W-3 Sokół (1979)
• IAR 330M (1975)
• Westland Lynx (1971)
• Westland Scout (1960) RAN
• Westland Sea King (1969)
• Westland Wasp (1962)
• Westland Wessex (1958)
• Westland Whirlwind (1953)
• Westland WS-51 Dragonfly (1948)
• Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH
• Hiller ROE Rotorcycle (1956)
• Piasecki HRP Rescuer (1945)
• Bell UH-1N Twin Huey (1969)
• SH-2 Seasprite (1959)
• SH-2G Super Seasprite (1982)
• CH-53 Sea Stallion (1966)
• SH-60 Seahawk (1979)
• Sikorsky S-61R (1959)
• MH-53E Sea Dragon (1974)
• Kamov Ka 20 (1958)
• Ka-25 "Hormone" (1960)
• Ka-27 "Helix" (1973)
• Ka-31 (1987)
• Ka-35 (2015)
• Ka-40 (1990)
• Mil-Mi 2 (1949)
• Mil Mi-4 (1952)
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• Design 1022 ships
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• ⛴ Naval Landmarks
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• Australia News

Motorcyclist, 22, hospitalised after major collision shuts down main road in Melbourne's north-east

A main road in Melbourne’s north-east has been shut down in both directions following a major collision that has left a 22-year-old with serious injuries.

A major collision in Melbourne’s north-east has forced the closure of a main road in both directions and left a 22-year-old motorcyclist in hospital. 

The two-vehicle crash occurred about 1.50am on Monday in Lower Plenty.

It is believed the driver of a Hyundai hatchback was travelling along Main Road when he collided with a motorcyclist.

The impact of the collision forced both the car and the motorcycle to crash into the median strip.

The car then flipped onto its roof.

Main Road, Lower Plenty remains closed between Para Road and Yallambie Road, as @VictoriaPolice conduct investigations into an overnight collision. Please avoid the area, detouring via Greensborough or Templestowe Lower. Currently minor delays near the closures. #victraffic pic.twitter.com/WCe5fnkYQv — VicTraffic (@VicTraffic) May 12, 2024

The main road remains closed between Para Road and Yallambie Road while police conduct investigations into the collision.

Both directions are expected to be closed for several hours.

Motorists are urged to avoid the area, and detour through Greensborough or Templestowe Lower.

The 22-year-old motorcycle rider from Hastings sustained serious injuries and was taken to hospital for treatment.

The driver of the car, a 34-year-old Viewbank man, sustained minor injuries and was taken to hospital under police guard.

The exact circumstances surrounding the collision are yet to be determined and investigations remain ongoing.

Anyone who witnessed the incident or has information is urged to contact Crime Stoppers on 1800 333 000 or submit a confidential report online at www.crimestoppersvic.com.au

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