nature based tourism resources

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What is nature tourism and why is it so popular?

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Nature tourism is a fantastic type of tourism and it is on the rise! But what is it and why is it so popular? Read on to learn more…

What is nature tourism?

Why is nature tourism important, what is the difference between nature tourism and ecotourism, types of nature tourism, bird watching, scuba diving, scenic driving, bush walking, visiting parks, fishing , cycling , nature tours, nature tourism- further reading.

Nature tourism is all about visiting natural areas and is closed aligned with the concept of rural tourism . Places that nature tourists might visit include might include beaches, forests or national parks. Activities focus on the natural environment rather than visiting man-mad features; think stargazing and hiking, for example. There are locations right across the globe which are perfect for nature tourism.

The CBI (Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries) in the Netherlands define nature tourism as follows:

Nature tourism, also called nature-based tourism, is tourism based on the natural attractions of an area. It consists of responsible travel to experience natural areas and their landscape, flora and fauna, protecting the environment and improving the quality of life of locals.

Nature tourism is important as it allows people to see and appreciate the beauty of our natural environment. Through this kind of tourism, we are able to escape the pollution and pressures of city life – it is good for our physical and mental wellbeing to be out in nature, breathing in fresh air and seeing lush greenery or sparkly blue seas. Nature tourism also encourages visitors to take an interest in the natural environment, which may then translate to them making a more conscious effort where environmental issues are concerned. With climate change being an ever-present and ongoing issue, this is definitely a good thing.

Following on from this, nature tourism gives land owners, local communities and local governments more reason to preserve and take care of natural areas. If they know people will come to visit, it is in their best interest to look after these places and is a great incentive for developing their sustainable tourism provision. Visiting tourists can do wonders for local community pride this way.

As with all tourism, nature tourism brings in money . This economic boost trickles down through a whole community; people need places to stay, and food to eat, and they want to buy souvenirs. Hikers may need to buy replacement walking boots, and weary explorers will always need somewhere to rest their heads at night. Jobs are created and economies are boosted through natural tourism, in the surrounding areas of the specific locations too.

Is nature tourism different from ecotourism? Put simply, yes. They are very similar, but ecotourism is perhaps a more specialised branch of nature tourism if we were looking to clearly define the difference in some way. Nature tourism is about visiting an area – responsibly, yes – rather than actively aiming to learn about the environment and participating in its protection. A nature tourist might visit a beach and admire its beauty, while an ecotourist might join in with a beach clean-up. The lines are blurred, of course, as they so often are when we try to differentiate between types of tourism .

There are different types of nature tourism. This is where we will see similarities with another kind of tourism: adventure tourism. You can read all about adventure tourism here if you’re interested! However, the similarity is that both can be split into two ‘types’: hard and soft.

Soft nature tourism might involve bird watching, visiting a beach to sunbathe, gentle walks through country parks and so on. Hard nature tourism is a bit more tough going: mountain climbing, bush walking and scuba diving, for example. Below I’ll go into some of these specific examples, so you can see how diverse nature tourism is!

Nature tourism examples

There are many examples of nature tourism to be found. Keep reading to see what they are, and whether they fall into the hard or soft category.

Bird watching is an example of soft nature tourism. People of all ages and abilities can do this, with or without a guide. You just need some background knowledge of bird species (or a book explaining them) and perhaps some binoculars. the Gambia is a hotspot for bird watching!

This is more of an example of hard nature tourism. It’s much more adventurous, and requires specialist equipment and a guide or a lot of training/experience. Head under the water to see what kind of nature is on display down there: coral, fish, shells and so much more. It’s subjective, but Barracuda Point in Malaysia is apparently the most beautiful place in the world to scuba dive… and I am a big fan of diving in Dahab , Egypt too!

This is another ‘soft’ activity in that it is low-risk and doesn’t require physical exertion. The North Coast 500 in Scotland is an example of a famous scenic drive – this is a great way to experience nature. From rolling hills to winding rivers, there is so much to see out of the window from the comfort of your car. Another fantastic example is the Kings Highway in Jordan , where you will see endless desert, canyons and incredible rock formations.

Camping is, again, an example of soft nature tourism. While it’s a little more ‘involved’ than scenic driving, for example, it is still relatively low risk and most of us are able to participate. Mount Cook National Park in New Zealand is said to be one of the most beautiful places in the world to camp, with its green landscapes and snowy mountain scenery. Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro gives you some fantastic camping opportunities too- just make sure you buy the best wild camping tent !

While controversial, hunting tourism is an example of nature tourism as it takes place in natural spaces. It is definitely one for the hard category, as you need special equipment to do so and it can obviously be quite dangerous if you don’t know what you’re doing. It is also often a discussion point for ethical tourism .

For the most part, this is a very safe activity and therefore falls into the soft category again. Guided tours are available in all of the very best stargazing locations, such as El Teide National Park in Tenerife, and it has even spawned its own branch of tourism. This is known as dark sky tourism, and there are many examples of activities that fall within this. They include stargazing, of course, alongside seeing the Northern Lights, watching an eclipse, astronomy tours and staying in accommodations that offer a clear view of the night sky such as glass domes.

This can be dangerous in that it is all about going off the beaten track, and walking through bushes/on rough ground. Therefore we can categorise this as hard nature tourism; it is something you would do when hiking, and gives you a bit of an adrenaline kick!

One of the easiest and most common forms of nature tourism is simply visiting a park. Whether this is a UK national park or your local green space at home, visiting a park is a definite example of this type of tourism. You’ll see birds, insects, flowers, trees, grass and more. Have a leisurely stroll, cycle through or sit and eat a picnic surrounded by nature.

Fishing falls in the middle of the soft and hard categories. You do need specialist equipment, but with most types of fishing there is little to no risk to life involved. But you need to be in nature – by or even on a lake or river – to do it, so it definitely counts as a form of nature tourism. People have obviously been fishing for years as a source of food gathering, but it is also a recreational hobby enjoyed by many.

This is another middle of the road activity. Kayaking can be dangerous, although it usually isn’t – you’ll often have a guide with you, and of course specialist equipment (the kayak) is required. It’s a really fun activity that many people enjoy!

You can visit a beach and simply do… nothing! This is still an example of nature tourism, as beaches are natural environments. Bali has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, and tourists flock there to relax and soak up the sunshine. Beaches are also usually near to bars and restaurants, and you might find people doing beach yoga or watching the sunrise/sunset. Thailand even has all-night moonlight beach parties. They are versatile and beautiful locations!

Again, another activity that could be considered hard or soft. It depends where you go, really. A gentle bike ride along a specific cycle lane through a park is nothing like mountain biking in harsh terrains. It’s all about the level of ability you have and what risks you’re willing to take. But cycling is definitely a great way to get out and about in nature. It is also a low-cost and eco-friendly activity, which makes it a winner from many angles.

These tend to be a longer duration than many activities mentioned above, which you may do regularly but for a few hours at a time. Nature tours are days or even weeks-long trips, out into the wilderness with nature and wildlife experts. You might travel by air or train, or go on a cruise, and your guide will be on hand to point out every aspect of nature there is to see. These nature tours will take visitors to some of the most beautiful destinations on earth, such as trekking in Chiang Mai , Croatia, seeing the glaciers in Iceland and Alaska, and gazing at the best waterfalls in Finger Lakes . They’ll set you back a fair bit, but the memories you’ll make seeing bears and waterfalls and glorious sunsets will more than make up for it!

If you enjoyed this article, I am sure that you will love these too!

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• Open access
• Published: 28 February 2020

Social Dilemmas in Nature-Based Tourism Depend on Social Value Orientations

• Keita Honjo   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-7051 1   na1 &
• Takahiro Kubo   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4832-5539 2   na1  

Scientific Reports volume  10 , Article number:  3730 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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• Applied mathematics
• Sustainability

Nature-based tourism (NBT) is vulnerable to a rapid increase in visitors because natural resources are often open access. Market failure caused by over-exploitation of natural resources is an example of social dilemmas in common-pool resource systems. Game theory, which describes people’s decision making under conflicts, has been applied to the analysis of social dilemmas in NBT. However, previous studies use non-cooperative games assuming individualistic players and discuss the emergence of social dilemmas only in a limited situation. Here, we demonstrate, by developing a two-player non-cooperative game of wildlife viewing, that the traditional game-theoretic approach fails to find social dilemmas. By analysing the competition between tour operators (players) with different social value orientations (SVOs), we found that concentration of tours becomes a Pareto-inefficient Nash equilibrium (PINE) when both players are competitive. Whether the wildlife-viewing market is a Prisoner’s dilemma depends on players’ SVOs. Furthermore, we found that fair punishment on competitive players promotes rather than suppresses the emergence of PINE. Our results suggest that the diversity of SVOs is an essential factor in understanding social dilemmas in NBT.

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Introduction.

Tourism demand has been rapidly increasing in recent years. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council 1 , travel and tourism contributed USD 8,272 billion (at 2017 constant prices and exchange rates) to world GDP in 2017. The amount is expected to reach USD 12,450 billion in 2028. Meanwhile, many tourism destinations face a rapid increase in visitors with the associated problems: degraded tourist experiences, damage to nature, and threats to culture and heritage 2 . Nature-based tourism (NBT) is vulnerable to overcrowding because natural resources are often open access. On an analogy with the tragedy of the commons 3 , 4 , we can imagine the tourism dilemma as follows: (1) Self-interested tourism firms increase tour supply to maximise their benefits. (2) Over-exploitation of natural resources happens, undermining the basis of NBT. (3) The economic value of NBT decreases, and the payoff allocation to tourism firms becomes inefficient. The tourism dilemma is an example of social dilemmas in common-pool resource systems 5 , 6 , 7 .

Game theory, which describes people’s decision making under conflicts, is a useful tool to analyse social dilemmas in common-pool resource systems 8 . There are many game-theoretic studies in the fields of fisheries, water resource management, and climate change 9 , 10 , 11 . Game theory is not widely applied to NBT, but several studies discuss tourism dilemmas based on non-cooperative games. For example, Sobhee and co-workers 12 use the Prisoner’s dilemma to represent the conflict between fishers and water-sport operators in a marine park. Blanco and co-workers 13 propose a strategic-form game structurally different from the Prisoner’s dilemma, pointing out that many tourism firms voluntarily engage in resource conservation. In another paper 14 , they demonstrate, in an evolutionary extension of the above game, that sustainable and non-sustainable firms can coexist in a sufficiently large market. He and co-workers 15 also use an evolutionary game to investigate how government supervision affects the behaviour of tourism firms and visitors. Bimonte 16 represents the conflict between residents and visitors using a Bayesian game and concludes that incomplete information causes social dilemmas. Pirotta and Lusseau 17 develop an agent-based model of wildlife viewing and analyse the interactions of tour operators, visitors, and animals. By numerical simulation, they evaluate the impacts of resource conservation policies (e.g. taxation, subsidies, and cap-and-trade mechanisms) on the profits of tour operators.

Game-theoretic studies on NBT aim to evaluate the effects of resource conservation policies by developing mathematical models of tourism dilemmas. However, most previous studies discuss tourism dilemmas in limited situations, assuming individualistic players. The individualistic player maximises his or her own but does not consider others’ payoffs. Since the publication of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior in 1944 18 , the individualistic player assumption has been widely applied to non-cooperative games. On the other hand, psychological experiments demonstrated that individuals have social preferences and make decisions by comparing the payoffs for themselves and others 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 . To examine the relationships between personality traits and human behaviour, we need to consider utility functions which include information about opponents’ payoffs. A generalised model of social preferences is social value orientation (SVO) 22 , 25 , 26 . Mathematically, SVO is expressed as a function that calculates each person’s utility from the payoffs for self and others. The SVO model can describe the behaviour of players with different personality traits (e.g. individualistic, competitive, prosocial, altruistic, and sadistic). Despite the achievements of psychological studies, the diversity of personality traits gathers little attention in game-theoretic studies on tourism dilemmas.

This paper focuses on the tourism dilemma in wildlife viewing 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , which is a popular form of NBT. We represent the competition between tour operators by a two-player non-cooperative game and identify mathematical conditions under which the market falls into social dilemmas. In other words, we identify the combinations of parameters that produce Pareto-inefficient Nash equilibria (PINE) as the solutions in the Wildlife-Viewing game (WVG). Furthermore, we impose a punishment on tour concentration and examine its impact on the emergence of PINE. To overcome the limitation of previous studies, we assume three types of players with different SVOs (individualistic, competitive, and prosocial) and solve the WVG for all SVO combinations. The concept of our game originates with wildlife-viewing tours conducted in the Amami Oshima of Japan. One of the target animals is the Amami rabbit ( Pentalagus furnessi ), which is an endangered endemic species 32 , 33 . The concentration of tours hinders the activities of the Amami rabbit and harms the environment suitable for rabbit viewing. According to Kubo and co-workers 31 , tour operators in the Amami Oshima use money-back guarantee systems to attract visitors. If a visitor fails to view the Amami rabbit in a tour, the tour operator returns a part of the tour fee to the visitor. The WVG includes parameters corresponding to these characteristics.

This paper is constructed as follows. In the Methods section, we give the mathematical expressions of the WVG and PINE. In the Results section, we calculate the Nash equilibria, Pareto-efficient solutions, and PINE of the game. Moreover, we calculate the solutions of the WVG with punishment for tour concentration. In the Discussion section, we summarise the results and conclude the paper by pointing out the limitations of our approach. Supplementary Information provides details of mathematical calculation.

Informal description of the WVG

Before introducing a mathematical expression of the WVG, we provide an informal description of the game. The WVG represents the competition between two operators who are running tours for viewing an endemic rabbit. An area inhabited by the rabbit is open to people, and no one has the right to own the area. Anyone can visit the viewing area by paying a cost. However, information about the viewing area is not open to visitors, and they cannot encounter the rabbit without an operator’s guidance. The operators supply wildlife-viewing tours to visitors and receive fees from them. This paper considers wildlife viewing as a common-pool resource consumed by individuals. The rabbit is sensitive to human-generated noise and leaves the viewing area if two operators conduct tours simultaneously. If an operator fails to encounter the rabbit during a tour, he or she returns a part of the tour fee to the visitor (money-back guarantee). As each operator’s net profit can be negative, he or she needs to consider the other operator’s action in conducting a tour. In the WVG, the operators make decisions based on utility rather than monetary payoffs. Each operator evaluates the utility of action by comparing monetary payoffs for the self and the other. The operator’s personality trait (SVO) influences the evaluation of utility. For simplicity, we do not consider the process in which the operators gather visitors. Moreover, we assume that the tour fee, cost, and money-back rate are constant regardless of the operators. Under these conditions, we examine whether the wildlife-viewing market falls into social dilemmas.

Mathematical expression of the WVG

Consider a situation where two players operate tours for viewing an endemic rabbit. Let N  = {1, 2} be the set of players. Each player can conduct a tour by paying a cost C  > 0. If a player encounters the rabbit during a tour, it receives a tour fee B  > 0 from the visitor. If a player fails to find the rabbit, it returns a part of the tour fee to the visitor and receives δ B . δ ∈ (0, 1) is called the guarantee coefficient. Each player encounters the rabbit with a probability P ∈ [0, 1]. However, if the two players conduct tours simultaneously, the noise they generate threatens the rabbit, and the encounter probability decreases to θ P . θ ∈ (0, 1) is called the vigilance coefficient. Let S  = {T, F} be the set of pure strategies. A player with strategy T conducts a tour, while a player with strategy F does not. When each player i ∈ N chooses strategy s i ∈ S , his or her expected payoff is given by

where m ∈ {1, 2} is the number of players with strategy T. Using equation ( 1 ), we define the objective payoff bimatrix (OPBM) as follows:

Each player determines his or her strategy based on the subjective payoff bimatrix (SPBM) rather than the OPBM. Psychological studies propose mathematical functions for payoff transformation 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 . We use the most fundamental function, which calculates each player’s subjective payoff as a linear combination of the objective payoffs for the self and the other:

α i ∈ [− 1, 1] and β i ∈ [−1, 1] are the weights on the objective payoffs for the self and the other, respectively. To normalise the subjective payoff vector, we assume that \({\alpha }_{i}^{2}+{\beta }_{i}^{2}=1\) . A weight vector ( α i ,  β i ) indicates player i ’s SVO. The set of all weight vectors draws the SVO ring on the two-dimensional space \({{\mathbb{R}}}^{2}\) (Fig.  1 ). We focus on three typical SVOs with positive values of α i : individualistic, competitive, and prosocial. The individualistic player, who is characterised by the weight vector (1, 0), maximises his or her own but does not consider the other’s objective payoff. Non-cooperative games usually assume individualistic players. The competitive and prosocial players are characterised by the weight vectors \((1/\sqrt{2},-1/\sqrt{2})\) and \((1/\sqrt{2},1/\sqrt{2})\) , respectively. With an increase in the other’s objective payoff, the subjective payoff decreases for the competitive player but increases for the prosocial player. From equations ( 2 ) and ( 3 ), we obtain the SPBM:

Social value orientation (SVO) ring 26 .

Mathematical expression of PINE

Here, we show the mathematical expression of PINE. The Nash equilibrium is the set of strategy profiles where every player shows the best response to the other’s strategy 34 , 35 . In the WVG, players make decisions based on the SPBM. Hence, the Nash equilibrium is

where V i ( s i ,  s − i ) denotes the subjective payoff for player i .

An objective payoff allocation is Pareto efficient if no player can increase his or her objective payoff without decreasing the other’s 35 , 36 . Let \({u}^{s}=({U}_{1}^{s},{U}_{2}^{s})\) be the objective payoff allocation given by a strategy profile s ∈ S 2 . We define the region Pareto superior to u s as \({\bf{P}}({u}^{s})=[{U}_{1}^{s},\infty )\times [{U}_{2}^{s},\infty )\backslash \{{u}^{s}\}\) (Fig.  2A ). By moving from u s to any point of P ( u s ), at least one player can improve his or her objective payoff without decreasing the other’s. The complement of the Pareto-superior region, denoted by \({{\mathbb{R}}}^{2}\backslash {\bf{P}}({u}^{s})\) , is the Pareto-inferior region (Fig.  2B ). A strategy profile σ ∈ S 2 is a Pareto-efficient solution if all possible objective payoff allocations are Pareto inferior to u σ . The set of Pareto-efficient solutions is

From equations ( 5 ) and ( 6 ), we obtain the mathematical expression of the PINE:

The WVG is a social dilemma if it has a PINE as the solution.

Pareto superior and inferior regions with respect to an objective payoff allocation u s .

Distribution of nash equilibria

First, we identified the conditions under which the SPBM (equation ( 4 )) has Nash equilibria. Section 1 of Supplementary Information describes the calculation process in detail, and Tables S 1 –S 3 list the equilibrium conditions. Let D  = {( δ ,  P )  ∣   δ ∈ (0, 1), P ∈ [0, 1]} be a two-dimensional space spanned by the guarantee coefficient and the initial encounter probability. Figure 3 shows the distribution of Nash equilibria over the parameter space D . \({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}}\) denotes a WVG with player i of type τ i ∈ {I, C, P}. The symbols I, C, and P are abbreviations for individualistic, competitive, and prosocial types, respectively. The dashed line indicates δ  =  C / B . The result is summarised in the following two theorems:

Nash equilibria of the subjective payoff bimatrix (SPBM) for different combinations of parameters ( B  = 1.5, C  = 1.0, and θ ∈ {0.2, 0.5, 0.8}). Panels C, G, and J assume θ  = 0.2. Panels E, I, and L assume θ  = 0.8. The other panels assume θ  = 0.5. The solution conditions are listed in Tables S 1 –S 3 of Supplementary Information. \({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}}\) denotes a WVG with player i of type τ i ∈ {I, C, P}. The symbols I, C, and P are abbreviations for individualistic, competitive, and prosocial types, respectively. The dashed line indicates δ  =  C / B .

Consider a two-player WVG. Each player is individualistic, competitive, or prosocial. The SPBM of the game always has at least one pure-strategy Nash equilibrium .

Proof . The conditions for Nash equilibria are shown in Tables S1–S3 of Supplementary Information. The union of the conditions for (F, F)-Nash, (F, T)-Nash, (T, F)-Nash, and (T, T)-Nash is P ∈ [0, 1] regardless of players’ SVOs. Hence, the SPBM always has at least one of the Nash equilibria.

Assume that the guarantee coefficient ( δ ) and the initial encounter probability (P) are randomly determined. The probability of tour concentration (i.e. the probability of (T, T)- Nash) in the competitive market ( G CC ) is equal to or higher than that in the individualistic market ( G II ). In contrast, the probability of tour concentration in the prosocial market ( G PP ) is equal to or lower than that in the individualistic market .

Proof . Let \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}})\subseteq {\bf{D}}\) be a parameter region where the SPBM of a game \({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}}\) has (T, T)-Nash. When a parameter vector ( δ ,  P ) is randomly chosen from D , the area of the parameter region, denoted by \(| {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}})| \) , gives the probability of (T, T)-Nash. By definition, \(| \varnothing | =0\) . Consider the case of δ  <  C / B . From Table S1, we obtain \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{II}}})=\{(\delta ,P)| \delta \in (0,C/B),P\in [{P}_{0}/\theta ,1]\}\) and \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}})=\{(\delta ,P)| \delta \in (0,C/B),P\in [{P}_{0},1]\}\) , where P 0  = ( C  −  δ B )/( B (1 −  δ )). \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{PP}}})\) is {( δ ,  P )  ∣   δ ∈ (0, C / B ),  P ∈ [ P 0 /(2 θ  − 1), 1]} under θ  > 1/2 and is the empty set under θ  ≤ 1/2. We have \([{P}_{0},1]\supseteq [{P}_{0}/\theta ,1]\supseteq \varnothing \) for any θ ∈ (0, 1). Moreover, we have [ P 0 , 1] ⊇ [ P 0 / θ , 1] ⊇ [ P 0 /(2 θ  − 1), 1] when θ  > 1/2. Hence, we obtain \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}})\supseteq {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{II}}})\supseteq {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{PP}}})\) , which results in \(| {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}})| \ \ge \ | {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{II}}})| \ge | {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{Nash}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{PP}}})| \) . This inequality also holds in the case of δ  ≥  C / B (Tables S2 and S3). Thus, Theorem 2 is proved.

Here, we focus on the emergence of (T, T)-Nash, which implies concentration of tours. When the guarantee coefficient is lower than C / B (the left side of the dashed line), the failure of a tour gives a negative profit ( δ B  −  C  < 0). In this case, the distribution of Nash equilibria changes depending on players’ SVOs. The game G II yields the solution (T, T)-Nash when P ∈ [ P 0 / θ , 1]. In the game G CC , (T, T)-Nash emerges when P ∈ [ P 0 , 1]. Since θ ∈ (0, 1), the parameter region of (T, T)-Nash is broader in G CC than in G II . The competitive player aggressively conducts a tour even with low initial encounter probability. Therefore, tour concentration frequently occurs in the competitive market. In the game G PP , (T, T)-Nash emerges only in limited conditions: θ  > 1/2 and P ∈ [ P 0 /(2 θ  − 1), 1]. Since P 0 / θ  <  P 0 /(2 θ  − 1) under the constraint of θ  > 1/2, the parameter region of (T, T)-Nash is narrower in G PP than in G II . Unlike the competitive player, the prosocial player avoids tour concentration even with high initial encounter probability. However, the prosocial player is vulnerable to competition with the individual and competitive players. The games G IP and G CP can have (T, F)-Nash as the solutions. Under this equilibrium, the prosocial player stops the supply of tours, and the individualistic or competitive player monopolises the market. Similarly, the individualistic player is also vulnerable to competition with the competitive player. The game G IC can lead to the solution (F, T)-Nash. When the guarantee coefficient is higher than or equal to C / B (the right side of the dashed line), a tour failure results in a non-negative profit ( δ B  −  C  ≥ 0). In this case, (T, T)-Nash is dominant in most of the games.

Distribution of pareto-efficient solutions

Second, we identified the conditions under which the OPBM (equation ( 2 )) has Pareto-efficient solutions. Section 2 of Supplementary Information describes the calculation process in detail, and Table S 4 lists the solution conditions. As the individual, competitive, and prosocial players have the same OPBM, the solution conditions are independent of players’ SVOs. Figure  4 shows the distribution of Pareto-efficient solutions over the parameter space D . We have the following theorem:

Pareto-efficient solutions of the objective payoff bimatrix (OPBM) for different combinations of parameters ( B  = 1.5, C  = 1.0, and θ  = 0.5). Table S 4 of Supplementary Information lists the solution conditions. The dashed line indicates δ  =  C / B .

The OPBM of the WVG always has at least one Pareto-efficient solution .

Proof . The conditions for Pareto-efficient solutions are shown in Table S4 of Supplementary Information. The union of the conditions for (F, F)-Pareto, (F, T)-Pareto, (T, F)-Pareto, and (T, T)-Pareto is P ∈ [0, 1]. Hence, the OPBM always has at least one of the Pareto-efficient solutions.

Conditions for PINE

Finally, we identified the conditions under which the WVG has PINE as the solutions. Tables S 5 and S 6 of Supplementary Information list the solution conditions. The result is summarised in the following theorem:

Assume that the guarantee coefficient ( δ ) and the initial encounter probability ( P ) are randomly determined. (1) Consider the case where at least one player is individualistic or prosocial. The objective payoff allocation given by a Nash equilibrium of the SPBM is almost surely Pareto efficient. Non-competitive markets fall into social dilemmas with probability zero. (2) Consider the case where both players are competitive. If the guarantee coefficient is lower than C / B and the initial encounter probability lies in the interval [ P 0 ,  P 0 / θ ], the objective payoff allocation given by a Nash equilibrium of the SPBM is not Pareto efficient. If B  >  C , the competitive market falls into a social dilemma with a positive probability .

Proof . Let \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}})\subseteq {\bf{D}}\) be a parameter region where a game \({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}}\) has at least one PINE, and let \(| {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}})| \) be the area of the parameter region. When a parameter vector ( δ ,  P ) is randomly chosen from D , \(| {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}({G}_{{\tau }_{1}{\tau }_{2}})| \) gives the probability of PINE. By definition, \(| \varnothing | =0\) . The conditions for PINE are shown in Tables S5 and S6. The union of the conditions for (F, F)-PINE, (F, T)-PINE, (T, F)-PINE, and (T, T)-PINE is non-empty only in the games G II , G CC , and G IC with δ  <  C / B . From Table S5, we obtain ∣ D PINE ( G II ) ∣ = ∣ {( δ ,  P ) ∣ δ ∈ (0, C / B ),  P  =  P 0 / θ } ∣ = 0, ∣ D PINE ( G CC ) ∣ = ∣ {( δ ,  P ) ∣ δ ∈ (0, C / B ),  P ∈ [ P 0 ,  P 0 / θ ]} ∣ ≥0, and ∣ D PINE ( G IC ) ∣ = ∣ D PINE ( G II ) ∣ = 0. Under the constraint of B  >  C , we have P 0 < 1, which results in ∣ D PINE ( G CC ) ∣ > 0. Thus, Theorem 2 is proved.□

Figure  5 shows the distribution of PINE in the game G CC . In the blue region, the Nash equilibrium is (T, T), but the Pareto-efficient solutions are (F, T) and (T, F). Here, we provide a numerical example of PINE. Consider the case where B  = 1.5, C  = 1.0, δ  = 0.3, P  = 0.6, and θ  = 0.6. By equations ( 2 ) and ( 4 ), the OPBM and SPBM are respectively

In this case, T is the dominant strategy for both players, and the SPBM has the unique Nash equilibrium (T, T). The equilibrium gives the objective payoff allocation (− 0.17, − 0.17), which is not Pareto efficient. This objective payoff allocation becomes a Pareto-efficient solution (0, 0.08) or (0.08, 0) if one player changes his or her strategy. However, no player changes his or her strategy because the shift from strategy T to strategy F decreases the player’s subjective payoff from 0 to −0.06.

Pareto efficiency in the objective payoff allocations given by Nash equilibria of the game G CC ( B  = 1.5, C  = 1.0, and θ  = 0.5). Tables S 5 ,S 6 of Supplementary Information list the solution conditions. In the blue region, the WVG has PINE. The dashed line indicates δ  =  C / B .

Failure of fair punishment in the competitive market

We demonstrated that the strategy profile (T, T), which implies tour concentration, becomes a PINE in the game G CC . Competitive players cannot escape from PINE without an incentive to change their strategies. Here, we impose punishment on the objective payoff allocation from (T, T) and examine its impact on the emergence of PINE.

We define the OPBM with punishment as

where ε  > 0 is a penalty on tour concentration. The SPBM is

This punishment is fair in the sense that two players with strategy T are forced to pay an equal penalty. From equation ( 11 ), we found that the punishment decreases the parameter region of (T, T)-Nash in all the games except G CC (Section 4 of Supplementary Information). In the game G II , for example, the border between (T, T)-Nash and other equilibria shifts from P  =  P 0 / θ to P  = ( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ (Fig. S 1 A). Since ε 0  =  ε /( B (1 −  δ )) > 0 and θ ∈ (0, 1), the new border is located on the right side of the original border. In the game G PP with θ  > 1/2, similarly, the border between (T, T)-Nash and other equilibria shifts from P  =  P 0 /(2 θ  − 1) to P  = ( P 0  + 2 ε 0 )/(2 θ  − 1) (Fig. S 1 E). As shown in Fig. S 1 B, however, the punishment does not change the distribution of Nash equilibria in the game G CC . By equation ( 11 ), the SPBM of G CC is

Thus, the SPBM with punishment is equal to the SPBM without punishment. On the other hand, the distribution of Pareto-efficient solutions is influenced by the punishment (Section 5 of Supplementary Information). The border between (T, T)-Pareto and other solutions shifts from P  =  P 0 / θ to P  = ( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ . The parameter region of (T, T)-Pareto under punishment is narrower than the original region (Fig. S 2 ). As a result, the parameter region of PINE in the game G CC changes from Fig.  5 to Fig.  6 . The result is summarised in the following theorem:

Distribution of PINE in the game G CC with fair punishment on the strategy profile (T, T) ( B  = 1.5, C  = 1.0, θ  = 0.5, and ε  = 0.2). In the blue region, the WVG has PINE. The dashed line indicates δ  = ( C  +  ε )/ B .

Consider a case where punishment on the strategy profile (T, T) reduces each player’s objective payoff by ϵ  > 0. When both players are competitive, the parameter region of (T, T)- PINE over the parameter space D is equal to or broader than that in the original game without punishment. If the guarantee coefficient ( δ ) and the initial encounter probability ( P ) are randomly determined, the punishment monotonically increases the probability that the competitive market falls into a social dilemma .

Proof . Let \({G}_{{\rm{CC}}}^{\varepsilon }\) be the competitive market with the punishment. The game \({G}_{{\rm{CC}}}^{\varepsilon }\) has (T, T)-Nash under P ∈ [ P 0 , 1] (Section 4.2 of Supplementary Information) and has (T, T)-Pareto under P ∈ (( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ , 1] (Section 5.2 of Supplementary Information). As the inequality P 0  < ( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ holds over D , the condition for (T, T)-PINE is P ∈ [ P 0 , ( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ ]. The parameter region of (T, T)-PINE is expressed as \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}}^{\varepsilon })=\{(\delta ,P)| \delta \in (0,1),P\in \) \([{P}_{0},({P}_{0}+{\varepsilon }_{0})/\theta ]\}\) . Since ( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ  >  P 0 / θ , we have [ P 0 , ( P 0  +  ε 0 )/ θ ] ⊇ [ P 0 ,  P 0 / θ ]. Hence, we obtain \({{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}}^{\varepsilon })\supseteq {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}})\) , which results in \(| {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}}^{\varepsilon })| \ge | {{\bf{D}}}_{{\rm{PINE}}}^{{\rm{TT}}}({G}_{{\rm{CC}}})| \) . When a parameter vector ( δ ,  P ) is randomly chosen from D , the areas of the parameter regions give the probabilities of (T, T)-PINE in the games \({G}_{{\rm{CC}}}^{\varepsilon }\) and G CC . Thus, Theorem 5 is proved.□

Here, we provide a numerical example of the failure of fair punishment. Assume that B  = 1.5, C  = 1.0, δ  = 0.5, P  = 0.8, θ  = 0.6, and ϵ  = 0.8. The OPBM without punishment is

and the OPBM with punishment is

First, we consider the individualistic market ( G II ). In this case, the SPBM is equal to the OPBM ( V  =  U and V ε  =  U ε ). In the original game, strategy T is the best response for both players, and the SPBM has the unique Nash equilibrium (T, T). The objective payoff allocation (0.11, 0.11) given by the equilibrium is Pareto efficient. With the introduction of fair punishment into the OPBM, the Nash equilibrium shifts to (T, F) or (F, T), and the concentration of tours is suppressed. The objective payoff allocation (0.35, 0) or (0, 0.35) given by the new equilibrium is also Pareto efficient. The total objective payoff increases from 0.22 to 0.35. Second, we consider the competitive market ( G CC ). In this case, the SPBM is

which has the unique Nash equilibrium (T, T). This equilibrium is not influenced by the punishment, but the objective payoff allocation under the punishment, (−0.69, −0.69), is no longer Pareto efficient. The total objective payoff decreases from 0.22 to −1.38.

In this paper, we developed a non-cooperative game of wildlife viewing and demonstrated that the SVOs of tour operators (players) are associated with the emergence of PINE. The WVG describes the competition between individualistic, competitive, and prosocial players in the market. Compared to the individualistic player, the competitive player aggressively conducts a tour even if the probability of encountering the target animal is low (Theorem 2). In contrast, the prosocial player avoids the concentration of tours, which causes a decrease in the tour profit (Theorem 2). The WVG always has at least one pure-strategy Nash equilibrium and has at least one Pareto-efficient solution (Theorems 1 and 3). From the distributions of Nash equilibria and Pareto-efficient solutions over the parameter space, we found that PINE emerge when both players are competitive (Theorem 4). In the competitive market, the concentration of tours becomes a Nash equilibrium, but the objective payoff allocation given by the solution is not always Pareto efficient. If at least one player is individualistic or prosocial, the objective payoff allocation given by the Nash equilibrium is almost surely Pareto efficient. Whether the wildlife-viewing market is a Prisoner’s dilemma depends on players’ SVOs.

To remove PINE from the competitive market, we need to provide players with an incentive to stop tour supply when the encounter probability is low. We imposed fair punishment on tour concentration and examined its impact on the emergence of PINE. If at least one player is individualistic or competitive, the punishment decreases the parameter region where tour concentration is a Nash equilibrium. However, the punishment loses its effect in the competitive market and does not change the distribution of Nash equilibria. Unlike the individualistic player, the competitive player makes decisions based on the difference between the objective payoffs for self and the other. As fair punishment maintains the objective-payoff difference, it does not influence the behaviour of competitive players. On the other hand, the punishment decreases the parameter region where tour concentration is a Pareto-efficient solution. From these results, we immediately find that the punishment increases the parameter region of PINE when both players are competitive (Theorem 5). In other words, fair punishment promotes rather than suppresses the emergence of PINE in the competitive market. Our results suggest the possibility that the traditional game-theoretic approach assuming individualistic players fails to find social dilemmas in NBT.

By assuming players with different SVOs, we demonstrated that the WVG is a potential social dilemma. Although this paper was inspired by the rabbit-viewing tour conducted in the Amami Oshima of Japan, the WVG can represent wildlife-viewing tours not only in Japan but also around the world (e.g. bear, seal, and whale 28 , 29 , 30 ). Furthermore, the SVO-based approach adopted in the WVG is widely applicable to various non-cooperative games. We provide three examples in Section 6 of Supplementary Information: the Hawk-Dove game, Battle of the Sexes, and Public Goods game 35 , 37 . In each of the games, individualistic, competitive, and prosocial players show different behaviours even though they have the same OPBM. Like the WVG, the Hawk-Dove game and Battle of the Sexes are potential social dilemmas in which only competitive players are attracted to PINE. In the Public Goods game, the total objective payoff is maximised when both players are prosocial. The SVO-based approach enables us to find hidden theoretical solutions of non-cooperative games.

We conclude this paper by discussing two limitations of our approach. First, our results do not fully reflect the diversity of personality traits. As illustrated by the SVO ring (Fig.  1 ), there exist an infinite number of SVOs. This paper focused on the three typical SVOs, but altruism and sadism are also important SVOs associated with social dilemmas 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 . Section 7 of Supplementary Information summarises the behaviour of altruistic and sadistic players in the WVG. Unlike the typical SVOs, strategy choices of altruistic and sadistic players are independent of the game parameters. When both players are altruistic or sadistic, the WVG can be a social dilemma. The SVO model used in this paper is the most basic and does not cover the whole set of personality traits. To represent inequity aversion, for example, we need to extend the subjective payoff function using information about the objective-payoff difference 21 , 24 , 44 . Psychological studies have developed various personality-trait models (e.g. Big Five, HEXACO, Dark Triad, and Dark Tetrad 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ), which are likely to contribute to further research on the tourism dilemma. Some studies report that equity and efficiency preferences do not always explain people’s decision making. Capraro and co-workers 51 , 52 highlight the importance of normative motives (e.g. morality and the belief that God is watching us) for altruistic behaviour in social dilemmas.

Second, the WVG developed in this paper is a single-shot game with two players and assumes a highly simplified tourism market. We can consider various extensions of the WVG. For example, an evolutionary extension of the game enables us to analyse the dynamics of players’ behaviour 37 . If the relationships between players form a social network, local interactions of players influence the state of the whole market 37 , 53 . Results from evolutionary game theory and psychological experiments suggest that reputation and voluntary punishment promote altruistic behaviour in repeated games on social networks 38 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 . As shown by this paper, tour concentration can be a PINE in the competitive market, and the solution is resistant to fair punishment introduced by an external force (e.g. the government). Unfortunately, we could not find a way to remove the PINE from the competitive market. To overcome this problem, we need to analyse the dynamic interactions of players in an extended WVG.

Data availability

The authors declare that the paper and Supplementary Information include all data which are necessary to obtain the results.

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Acknowledgements

K.H. acknowledges the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund 2-1805 of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan. T.K. acknowledges KAKENHI 16K00697 of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The authors would like to thank Kengo Suzuki and Hajime Mizuyama for fruitful comments on this paper.

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These authors contributed equally: Keita Honjo and Takahiro Kubo.

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Global Warming Countermeasures Group, Center for Environmental Science in Saitama (CESS), Kamitanadare 914, Kazo, Saitama Prefecture, 347-0115, Japan

Keita Honjo

Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-8506, Japan

Takahiro Kubo

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K.H. developed the game-theoretic model of wildlife viewing and calculated its solutions. T.K. collected information on wildlife-viewing tours conducted in the Amami Oshima of Japan and contributed to the designing of the model. Both authors wrote and reviewed the paper.

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Correspondence to Keita Honjo .

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Honjo, K., Kubo, T. Social Dilemmas in Nature-Based Tourism Depend on Social Value Orientations. Sci Rep 10 , 3730 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60349-z

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Nature-based tourism project explores environment/economy connections

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As destinations in Europe welcomed tourists back for the peak summer season, UNWTO highlighted the role of  digital solutions for the safe restart of the sector. But UNWTO also looked ahead, to a more sustainable future , working with key partners to  reduce plastic waste and consumption across every part of the sector. Together, we celebrated World Tourism Day around the theme of Tourism for Inclusive Growth, a message of solidarity and determination that was echoed on a global scale.

October - December

The final quarter of 2021 began with cautious optimism as UNWTO’s Barometer showed signs of improvement in tourist arrival numbers during the summer season in the northern hemisphere. A new partnership with Netflix will bring the message of tourism as a driver of opportunity to a massive global audience, while in November, UNWTO was tourism’s voice at COP26 and signatories to the landmark Glasgow Declaration keep growing. Finally, against the backdrop of the UNWTO General Assembly , the programme of work for the coming biennium was approved and 77% of Members voted to secure a second mandate for the Secretary-General from 2022-2025.

Growing and Moving Forward

UNWTO brings together political leaders from across the globe to deliver a strong, coordinated response. Governments, destinations, fellow UN agencies and international organizations met at key international events joining efforts to rethink tourism. Institutional coordination has proven crucial to find the solutions that build a smarter, greener and safer tourism.

Leaving Nobody Behind

The pledge to ‘ leave nobody behind ’ means nobody should miss out : Not now as we support the sector in the face of crisis, and not in the future as tourism starts again. Tourism is a proven driver of equality and opportunity. And that’s why we turn words into actions, delivering guidelines and action plans , to ensure everyone can enjoy the opportunities tourism brings.

A Shared Vision

Advancing the transformation of the tourism sector , partnerships are the only way forward. In 2021, UNWTO signed agreements with international organizations and the private sector to step our vision for the future of tourism: innovation , education , sustainability , green investment , rural development.

From business as usual to Covid-19

Looking to the future

• Regional Support Office for Asia and the Pacific (RSOAP)
• Member States in Asia and the Pacific
• SUSTAINABLE TOURISM OBSERVATORIES (INSTO)

World Tourism Barometer: September 2022

UNWTO updates World Tourism Barometer and reports international tourism back to 60% of pre-pandemic levels from January to July 2022

Below are excerpts from the September 2022 release of the UNWTO Tourism Barometer :

• The steady recovery reflects strong pent-up demand for international travel, especially in the months of June and July which are part of the Northern Hemisphere summer season. The easing or lifting of travel restrictions in an increasing number of countries also contributed to boost results.
• International tourist arrivals almost tripled (+172%) in January-July 2022 compared to the same period of 2021. Numbers climbed from -64% in January 2022 (versus 2019) to -28% in July, the strongest month since the start of the pandemic.
• Asia and the Pacific (+165%) saw arrivals more than double in the first seven months of 2022, though they remained 86% below 2019 levels.
• The ongoing recovery can also be seen in outbound tourism spending from major source markets. Expenditure from France was at -12% in January-July 2022 compared to 2019 while spending from Germany stood at -14%. International tourism spending remained at -10% in Belgium, -23% in Italy and -26% in the United States.
• The uncertain economic environment seems to have reversed prospects for a return to pre-pandemic levels in the near term. 61% of UNWTO Panel of Experts now see a potential return of international arrivals to 2019 levels in 2024 or later while those indicating a return to pre-pandemic levels in 2023 has diminished (27%) compared to the May survey (48%).

Know more about the global tourism sector performance from January to July 2022 by checking the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Volume 20, Issue 5 .

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TOURISM TRENDS 2022

11 Aug TOURISM TRENDS 2022

The situation for tourism remains rather unusual as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

The crisis has marked a significant change for everyone, and above all for tourism, one of sectors hit hardest by the virus. 2020 was the year in which international tourism came to a near-complete standstill, and the only alternatives were domestic and local tourism.

2021 has seen some improvements, but only in a very subtle way as restrictions are still in place and many countries keep their borders fully or partially closed.

It is difficult to make an estimate for 2022 as it is not known how the pandemic will evolve. However, it is possible to talk about the new tourism trends that are likely to emerge over the coming year: – International travel with restrictions still maintained by both destinations and airlines in order to offer 100% security to the consumer.

– Reinforcement of COVID-19 testing; two years after the pandemic, COVID testing will still be in place as a preventive measure. – Conscious travel will be advocated. Travel to more distant destinations, but with prolonged durations of stay, as consumers look to enjoy as much of each place they visit as possible. – Green travel. Climate change is a problem that is present and growing. Consumers now are much more responsible and aware of the reality they live in on daily basis.

– A new trend is the “ed-ventures”. It is about combining education and holidays for the youngest members of the family. While adults may need to telework or attend meetings, their children can be doing workshops and learning in a playful way.

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Metallurgicheskii Zavod Electrostal AO (Russia)

In 1993 "Elektrostal" was transformed into an open joint stock company. The factory occupies a leading position among the manufacturers of high quality steel. The plant is a producer of high-temperature nickel alloys in a wide variety. It has a unique set of metallurgical equipment: open induction and arc furnaces, furnace steel processing unit, vacuum induction, vacuum- arc furnaces and others. The factory has implemented and certified quality management system ISO 9000, received international certificates for all products. Elektrostal today is a major supplier in Russia starting blanks for the production of blades, discs and rolls for gas turbine engines. Among them are companies in the aerospace industry, defense plants, and energy complex, automotive, mechanical engineering and instrument-making plants.

Headquarters Ulitsa Zheleznodorozhnaya, 1 Elektrostal; Moscow Oblast; Postal Code: 144002

Contact Details: Purchase the Metallurgicheskii Zavod Electrostal AO report to view the information.

Website: http://elsteel.ru

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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• Victor Mukhin

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

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2022 has been the year to rethink tourism. Countries around the world turned UNWTO's vision for a greener, smarter and more inclusive sector into real action. 2020 showed the relevance of tourism for sustainable development. 2021 laid the foundations for the transformation of the sector. In 2022, we made it happen. 2022 began on a positive note.

According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, international tourism saw a strong rebound in the first five months of 2022, with almost 250 million international arrivals recorded. This compares to 77 million arrivals from January to May 2021 and means that the sector has recovered almost half (46%) of pre-pandemic 2019 levels. UN ...

International Tourism Highlights, 2023 Edition - The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism (2020-2022) ISBN (printed version): 978-92-844-2497-9 ISBN (electronic version): 978-92-844-2498-6 DOI: 10.18111/9789284424986 Published by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Madrid, Spain First published: September 2023 Revised and updated: October 2023

Find out the latest updates from the UNWTO on tourism trends, challenges and opportunities in 2022 and beyond. Learn about the UNWTO's activities, projects and partnerships in various regions and topics, such as sustainable tourism, gastronomy, investment and education.

International Tourism and COVID-19. Export revenues from international tourism dropped 62% in 2020 and 59% in 2021, versus 2019 (real terms) and then rebounded in 2022, remaining 34% below pre-pandemic levels. The total loss in export revenues from tourism amounts to USD 2.6 trillion for that three-year period. Go to Dashboard.

According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, international tourist arrivals almost tripled in January to July 2022 (+172%) compared to the same period of 2021. This means t he sector recovered almost 60% of pre-pandemic levels. The steady recovery reflects strong pent-up demand for international travel as well as the easing or lifting ...

The time is now to seize this opportunity to rethink how we do tourism. The official World Tourism Day celebration will be held in Bali, Indonesia, on 27 September, highlighting the shift towards tourism being recognized as a crucial pillar of development. Wonderful Indonesia - Witness the 42nd World Tourism Day 2022 in Bali, Indonesia!

In terms of tourist numbers, the year 2022 is expected to close with over 900 million international arrivals, despite growing challenges pointing to a softening of the recovery pace. International tourist arrivals: 2020, 2021 and Scenarios for 2022 (monthly change over 2019,%) Source UNWTO World Tourism Barometer: November 2022 Press Release.

January - March. As global tourism faced up to a second year of unprecedented crisis, UNWTO began 2021 by counting the cost so far.At the same time, however, the emergence of vaccines brought hope.The Global Tourism Crisis Committee met to explore what this meant for safe travel and the restart of tourism, while the announcement of the winners of the UNWTO Global Start-up Competition ...

Below are excerpts from the latest World Tourism Barometer May 2022 issue: According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, international tourism saw a 182% year-on-year increase in January-March 2022, with destinations worldwide welcoming an estimated 117 million international arrivals compared to 41 million in Q1 2021.

The UNWTO Elibrary is an online service from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) with a broad coverage of tourism and related subject areas. ... International Tourism Highlights, 2023 Edition - The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism (2020-2022) Revised and updated, October 2023. Released: December 2023.

The 7th UNWTO World Forum on Gastronomy Tourism will be held from Monday, December 12 to Thursday, December 15, 2022 (4 days).

The economic contribution of tourism (tourism direct gross domestic product) is estimated at US$1.9 trillion in 2021, above the US$1.6 trillion in 2020, but still well below the pre-pandemic value of US$ 3.5 trillion. The latest UNWTO Panel of Experts survey indicates that 61% of tourism professionals expect better performance in 2022 than in 2021.

Below are relevant points to the July 2022 World Tourism Barometer: Nearly 250 million international trips were recorded worldwide in the first five months of the year, more than three times the number of arrivals recorded in the same period of 2021 (77 million). Robust performance is also reflected in hotel occupancy rates.

2022-10-28. Below are excerpts from the September 2022 release of the UNWTO Tourism Barometer: The steady recovery reflects strong pent-up demand for international travel, especially in the months of June and July which are part of the Northern Hemisphere summer season. The easing or lifting of travel restrictions in an increasing number of ...

International tourism continues to outpace the global economy. 2. Driven by a relatively strong global economy, a growing middle class in emerging economies, technological advances, new business models, affordable travel costs and visa facilitation, international tourist arrivals grew 5% in 2018 to reach the 1.4 billion mark.

UNWTO Tourism Academy | TOURISM TRENDS 2022. The situation for tourism remains rather unusual as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis has marked a significant change for everyone, and above all for tourism, one of sectors hit hardest by the virus. 2020 was the year in which international tourism came to a near-complete ...

International Tourism Highlights, 2023 Edition - The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism (2020-2022) Revised and updated, October 2023 Published: December 2023 Pages: 32

International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition. Published: January 2021 Pages: 23. eISBN: 978-92-844-2245-6 | ISBN: 978-92-844-2244-9. Abstract: 2019 was another year of strong growth, though international arrivals grew below the exceptional rates seen in 2017 (+7%) and 2018 (+6%). Demand was somewhat weaker for travel to advanced economy ...

Main Activities: Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing | Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding. Full name: Metallurgicheskii Zavod Electrostal AO Profile Updated: February 22, 2024. Buy our report for this company USD 29.95 Most recent financial data: 2022 Available in: English & Russian ...

40 Facts About Elektrostal. Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to ...

Catalysis Conference is a networking event covering all topics in catalysis, chemistry, chemical engineering and technology during October 19-21, 2017 in Las Vegas, USA. Well noted as well attended meeting among all other annual catalysis conferences 2018, chemical engineering conferences 2018 and chemistry webinars.

In the city of Elektrostal in Russia, a drone attack occurred. It's reported that no one was injured as a result of the incident. Additional details, including the particulars of the attack, potential motives or responsible parties, have not been provided. However, the fact that a drone was used as a means of attack underscores

Publication: Tools and Resources for Nature-Based Tourism - Second Edition

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Link to data set, report series, other publications in this report series, journal volume, journal issue, collections, associated urls, associated content.

THE 10 BEST Moscow Parks & Nature Attractions

Nature & parks in moscow.

• Playgrounds
• Bodies of Water
• 5.0 of 5 bubbles
• 4.0 of 5 bubbles & up
• 3.0 of 5 bubbles & up
• 3rd Transport Ring (TTK)
• District Central (TsAO)
• District North-Eastern (SVAO)
• Garden Ring
• Good for Kids
• Budget-friendly
• Good for Couples
• Good for Big Groups
• Good for a Rainy Day
• Honeymoon spot
• Hidden Gems
• Adventurous
• Good for Adrenaline Seekers
• Things to do ranked using Tripadvisor data including reviews, ratings, photos, and popularity.

1. Sparrow Hills (Vorobyovy Gory)

2. Kuskovo Estate

3. Sokolniki Park

4. Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure

5. Victory Park

6. Aleksandrovskiy Sad

7. Aptekarskiy Ogorod Botanical Garden

8. Patriarch's Pond

9. Neskuchny sad

10. Moskvarium

11. Izmailovsky Park

12. Hermitage Garden

13. Moscow Zoo

14. Oceanarium RIO

15. Crocus Oceanarium

16. Lilac Garden

17. Park Zaryadye

18. Zaycafe

19. Central Botanical Garden

20. Serebryanyi Bor Park

21. Filevskiy Park

22. Meshherskiy Park

23. Sad Baumana

24. Boulevard Ring

25. Yekaterininskiy Park

26. Ostankino Park

27. MGU Botanic Garden

28. The Tallest Cylindrical Aquarium in the World

29. Park Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo

30. Losiny Ostrov National Park

What travellers are saying

• Victory Park
• Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure
• Kuskovo Estate
• Sokolniki Park
• Aleksandrovskiy Sad
• Neskuchny sad
• Patriarch's Pond
• Aptekarskiy Ogorod Botanical Garden
• Lilac Garden
• Meshherskiy Park
• Park Novodevichi Prudy
• Crocus Oceanarium
• Oceanarium RIO

THE 10 BEST Moscow Nature & Wildlife Tours

Nature & wildlife tours in moscow.

• Adrenaline & Extreme Tours
• Equipment Hire
• Nature & Wildlife Tours
• 5.0 of 5 bubbles
• 3.0 of 5 bubbles & up
• 3rd Transport Ring (TTK)
• District Central (TsAO)
• Garden Ring
• Good for Couples
• Good for a Rainy Day
• Good for Kids
• Good for Big Groups
• Adventurous
• Budget-friendly
• Hidden Gems
• Honeymoon spot
• Good for Adrenaline Seekers
• Things to do ranked using Tripadvisor data including reviews, ratings, photos, and popularity.

1. Milena Krasavina

2. Travel Real Russia

3. Easy Russia Tour Guide

4. Birdwatching Moscow

5. RZD Tour

7. Enjoy Moto

9. UTS GROUP

11. 365AltaiMongolia

12. Balalaika Travel

14. Aviashop.Ru

15. #1 Russia -Tanzania | Zanzibar, Serengeti Safari & Kilimanjaro Agency | BURIGI CHATO SAFARIS CO LTD

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Sustainable Tourism Destinations: Conservation-Based Travel Guide Series Launch

Ever Wonder Adventure launches a new travel guides series detailing the world’s top sustainable tourism destinations, including the Trans Bhutan Trial, Chiang Rai and the Golden Triangle, and Puerto Princesa.

Singapore, Singapore - April 28, 2024 —

Coinciding with the announcement, the conservation website has also launched a line of ‘Adventure Travel’ and ‘Saving Earth’ merchandise, with each purchase contributing to the development of additional travel guides. The website’s goal is to promote sustainable tourism practices, which focus on preserving the natural environment and giving back to native/local communities.

More details can be found at https://www.everwonderadventure.com/sustainable-tourism

In addition to the new travel guide series, Ever Wonder Adventure aims to draw attention to pressing environmental issues. To that end, the website also offers in-depth articles on a variety of topics, such as saving sea turtles and reducing or eliminating food waste.

“With our new travel guide series, Ever Wonder Adventure introduces you to unexplored landscapes, serene coastlines, picturesque hills, and forested towns, offering a chance to reconnect with pristine beauty,” a company representative explained. “By purchasing bespoke products, you contribute to preserving the environment and safeguarding these mesmerizing landscapes for future generations.”

A recent report from Future Market Insights values the global sustainable tourism market at over US$1.5 trillion this year. The firm projects a CAGR of 23.8% over the next 10 years, reaching a total value of US$12.8 trillion by 2034.

As Ever Wonder Adventure points out, such statistics highlight the growing awareness and interest in sustainable tourism among the traveling public. However, the firm also points out that many people do not know how best to support such activities, and the new travel guide was therefore developed to draw attention to some of the leading initiatives from all around the world.

About Ever Wonder Adventure

In support of its conservation activities, Ever Wonder Adventure has curated a growing line of apparel and travel products, including unisex t-shirts, sweatshirts, swimsuits, bikinis, yoga mats, and more. Many of the pieces are themed from destinations covered in the firm’s adventure travel series, including Thailand, Laos, New Zealand, and the Philippines.

“By choosing to purchase one of our curated, bespoke, and customized pieces, you are joining us in creating a legacy of love for our planet,” the firm continues. “It's an investment in a future where our experiences in nature are harmonious and sustainable.”

Interested parties can find more information by visiting https://bit.ly/Buy-Sustainable-Travel

Contact Info: Name: H C Yip Email: Send Email Organization: Ever Wonder Adventure Address: One Oxley Rise Singapore, Singapore, Singapore 238714, Singapore Website: https://www.everwonderadventure.com

Source: NewsNetwork

Release ID: 89128367

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