sustainable tourism questions and answers

Sustainable Tourism MCQ Quiz Questions And Answers

You can take this sustainable tourism MCQ quiz to test your knowledge on the same topic. Tourism is an adventure, and it can be termed sustainable if the benefits a country derives outweigh the costs incurred. Tourism is a business because parties are involved, and as we know, every business partner's objective is to make profits. By taking this quiz, you can learn more about sustainability in the tourism sector. All the best! Share the quiz with others also.

Tourism is:

The movement of people, spatially and temporally, out of their own communities for leisure and business purposes.

Any movement of people out of their homes longer than for 24 hours

Fun activity

None of the above

Rate this question:

Today's tourist expectations are increasingly based on the combination of:

Sun, sea and sand

Nature and culture

Nature, leisure activities and culture

Sustainable tourism does NOT aim primarily at:

The integration of local people in tourist operation or development

Strong commitment to nature conservation

Profit for big tour operators

Social responsibility

 A sustainable approach to tourism development is of vital importance for:

All countries developing tourism

Mainly the Mediterranean region, because it is the world's leading tourist destination and among the earth's most endangered ecoregions

Mainly East Asia and the Pacific as economically less developed, but fast growing tourism destination

Stimulating and contributing to sustainable consumption in the tourism sector is a task:

Mainly for environment protection organizations

Mainly for transport companies

Mainly for tourism service providers

Mainly for local and national governmental organizations

All of the above

Identification of Tourism Carrying Capacity has the purpose of:

Estimating the maximum number of tourists that are permitted in a certain area

Avoiding the destruction of the physical, biological, economic, and socio-cultural basis for tourism development

No purposes at all

Socio-cultural benefits of sustainable tourism do NOT include

Strengthening of communities

Strengthening of local culture and traditions

Better understanding between peoples and cultures

Higher mobility of the local labor market

Sustainable tourism is characterized by: I. Environmental respect II. Benefitting the local economy III. Preservation of local culture

I, II, and III

​​​​​​​II and III only

You can improve the environmental impact of a tourist operation by _____ (choose the most direct answer).

​​​​​Having tourist volunteer in the local community

​​​​​​Cooking a local style meal

Installing solar panels

Building a school

Natural environmental-based tourism is known as

Pilgrimage tourism

Agro tourism

Eco-tourism

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• Jul 27, 2023 Quiz Edited by ProProfs Editorial Team
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Sustainable tourism

Related sdgs, promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable ....

Description

Publications.

Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries and an important source of foreign exchange and employment, while being closely linked to the social, economic, and environmental well-being of many countries, especially developing countries. Maritime or ocean-related tourism, as well as coastal tourism, are for example vital sectors of the economy in small island developing States (SIDS) and coastal least developed countries (LDCs) (see also: The Potential of the Blue Economy report as well as the Community of Ocean Action on sustainable blue economy).

The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities".

Based on General assembly resolution 70/193, 2017 was declared as the  International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development.

In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development SDG target 8.9, aims to “by 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products”. The importance of sustainable tourism is also highlighted in SDG target 12.b. which aims to “develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products”.

Tourism is also identified as one of the tools to “by 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries” as comprised in SDG target 14.7.

In the Rio+20 outcome document The Future We want, sustainable tourism is defined by paragraph 130 as a significant contributor “to the three dimensions of sustainable development” thanks to its close linkages to other sectors and its ability to create decent jobs and generate trade opportunities. Therefore, Member States recognize “the need to support sustainable tourism activities and relevant capacity-building that promote environmental awareness, conserve and protect the environment, respect wildlife, flora, biodiversity, ecosystems and cultural diversity, and improve the welfare and livelihoods of local communities by supporting their local economies and the human and natural environment as a whole. ” In paragraph 130, Member States also “call for enhanced support for sustainable tourism activities and relevant capacity-building in developing countries in order to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development”.

In paragraph 131, Member States “encourage the promotion of investment in sustainable tourism, including eco-tourism and cultural tourism, which may include creating small- and medium-sized enterprises and facilitating access to finance, including through microcredit initiatives for the poor, indigenous peoples and local communities in areas with high eco-tourism potential”. In this regard, Member States also “underline the importance of establishing, where necessary, appropriate guidelines and regulations in accordance with national priorities and legislation for promoting and supporting sustainable tourism”.

In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg called for the promotion of sustainable tourism development, including non-consumptive and eco-tourism, in Chapter IV, paragraph 43 of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.

At the Johannesburg Summit, the launch of the “Sustainable Tourism – Eliminating Poverty (ST-EP) initiative was announced. The initiative was inaugurated by the World Tourism Organization, in collaboration with UNCTAD, in order to develop sustainable tourism as a force for poverty alleviation.

The UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) last reviewed the issue of sustainable tourism in 2001, when it was acting as the Preparatory Committee for the Johannesburg Summit.

The importance of sustainable tourism was also mentioned in Agenda 21.

For more information and documents on this topic,  please visit this link

UNWTO Annual Report 2016

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The 2012 UNEP Foresight Process on Emerging Global Environmental Issues primarily identified emerging environmental issues and possible solutions on a global scale and perspective. In 2013, UNEP carried out a similar exercise to identify priority emerging environmental issues that are of concern to ...

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This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen universal peace in larger freedom, We recognize that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for su...

Towards Measuring the Economic Value of Wildlife Watching Tourism in Africa

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Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012

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15 Years of the UNWTO World Tourism Network on Child Protection: A Compilation of Good Practices

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Natural Resources Forum: Special Issue Tourism

The journal considers papers on all topics relevant to sustainable development. In addition, it dedicates series, issues and special sections to specific themes that are relevant to the current discussions of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)....

Thailand: Supporting Sustainable Development in Thailand: A Geographic Clusters Approach

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Natural Resources Forum, a United Nations Sustainable Development Journal (NRF)

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Road Map on Building a Green Economy for Sustainable Development in Carriacou and Petite Martinique, Grenada

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The UN Ocean Conference 2022, co-hosted by the Governments of Kenya and Portugal, came at a critical time as the world was strengthening its efforts to mobilize, create and drive solutions to realize the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

58th Session of the Commission for Social Development – CSocD58

22nd general assembly of the united nations world tourism organization, world tourism day 2017 official celebration.

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World Tourism Day 2016 Official Celebration

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4th Global Summit on City Tourism

The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) and the Regional Council for Tourism of Marrakesh with support of the Government of Morroco are organizing the 4th Global Summit on City Tourism in Marrakesh, Morroco (9-10 December 2015). International experts in city tourism, representatives of city DMOs, of

2nd Euro-Asian Mountain Resorts Conference

The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) and Ulsan Metropolitan City with support of the Government of the Republic of Korea are organizing the 2nd Euro-Asian Mountain Resorts Conference, in Ulsan, Republic of Korea (14 - 16 October 2015). Under the title “Paving the Way for a Bright Future for Mounta

21st General Assembly of the United Nations World Tourism Organization

Unwto regional conference enhancing brand africa - fostering tourism development.

Tourism is one of the Africa’s most promising sectors in terms of development, and represents a major opportunity to foster inclusive development, increase the region’s participation in the global economy and generate revenues for investment in other activities, including environmental preservation.

• January 2017 International Year of Tourism In the context of the universal 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the International Year aims to support a change in policies, business practices and consumer behavior towards a more sustainable tourism sector that can contribute to the SDGs.
• January 2015 Targets 8.9, 12 b,14.7 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits Member States, through Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.9 to “devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products”. The importance of sustainable tourism, as a driver for jobs creation and the promotion of local culture and products, is also highlighted in Sustainable Development Goal target 12.b. Tourism is also identified as one of the tools to “increase [by 2030] the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries”, through Sustainable Development Goals Target 14.7.
• January 2012 Future We Want (Para 130-131) Sustainable tourism is defined as a significant contributor “to the three dimensions of sustainable development” thanks to its close linkages to other sectors and its ability to create decent jobs and generate trade opportunities. Therefore, Member States recognize “the need to support sustainable tourism activities and relevant capacity-building that promote environmental awareness, conserve and protect the environment, respect wildlife, flora, biodiversity, ecosystems and cultural diversity, and improve the welfare and livelihoods of local communities” as well as to “encourage the promotion of investment in sustainable tourism, including eco-tourism and cultural tourism, which may include creating small and medium sized enterprises and facilitating access to finance, including through microcredit initiatives for the poor, indigenous peoples and local communities in areas with high eco-tourism potential”.
• January 2009 Roadmap for Recovery UNWTO announced in March 2009 the elaboration of a Roadmap for Recovery to be finalized by UNWTO’s General Assembly, based on seven action points. The Roadmap includes a set of 15 recommendations based on three interlocking action areas: resilience, stimulus, green economy aimed at supporting the tourism sector and the global economy.
• January 2008 Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria The Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria represent the minimum requirements any tourism business should observe in order to ensure preservation and respect of the natural and cultural resources and make sure at the same time that tourism potential as tool for poverty alleviation is enforced. The Criteria are 41 and distributed into four different categories: 1) sustainability management, 2) social and economic 3) cultural 4) environmental.
• January 2003 1st Int. Conf. on Climate Change and Tourism The conference was organized in order to gather tourism authorities, organizations, businesses and scientists to discuss on the impact that climate change can have on the tourist sector. The event took place from 9 till 11 April 2003 in Djerba, Tunisia.
• January 2003 WTO becomes a UN specialized body By Resolution 453 (XV), the Assembly agreed on the transformation of the WTO into a United Nations specialized body. Such transformation was later ratified by the United Nations General Assembly with the adoption of Resolution A/RES/58/232.
• January 2002 World Ecotourism Summit Held in May 2002, in Quebec City, Canada, the Summit represented the most important event in the framework of the International Year of Ecosystem. The Summit identified as main themes: ecotourism policy and planning, regulation of ecotourism, product development, marketing and promotion of ecotourism and monitoring costs and benefits of ecotourism.
• January 1985 Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code At the World Tourism Organization Sixth Assembly held in Sofia in 1985, the Tourism Bill of Rights and Tourist Code were adopted, setting out the rights and duties of tourists and host populations and formulating policies and action for implementation by states and the tourist industry.
• January 1982 Acapulco Document Adopted in 1982, the Acapulco Document acknowledges the new dimension and role of tourism as a positive instrument towards the improvement of the quality of life for all peoples, as well as a significant force for peace and international understanding. The Acapulco Document also urges Member States to elaborate their policies, plans and programmes on tourism, in accordance with their national priorities and within the framework of the programme of work of the World Tourism Organization.

Sustainable Tourism Development Management (STDM)

Sustainability: 18 Questions for Thriving and Fostering Responsible Tourism in a Competitive Market.

Sustainability

18 Guiding questions for small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMTEs) for the promotion of sustainable tourism

Key to Success

In this section, we would like to make sure that Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises should be aware of the following:

• Tourism’s environmental impact, including its effects on natural resources, biodiversity, climate change, and more.
• Tourism’s social and cultural impact, including its impact on local communities, cultures, traditions…
• Tourism’s economic impact includes contributing to local economies, job creation, diversities…

Accomplishments

In this step, we’ll:

• Identify the environmental, economic, and sociocultural impacts that we promoted.
• Highlight our business benefits for society.
• Find as we can support the minor community.

Time-Saving Tools

We’ll complete all sections of this chapter more quickly if we have any of the following handy:

• The tourism destination market plan and strategic plan.
• The sustainable development plan of the tourism destination.
• Our business plan, our business objectives, and our strategic business plan.
• The tourism destination laws are driving tourism.
• The tourism destination inventory and other research.
• The trade travelers and other relevant stakeholders.
• Tourism destination demand research and an analysis of the traveler demand profile.
• Research the potential customers who live in the tourism destination.
• Research the potential customers who live 3 hours away from the tourism destination.
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Sustainable Development Goals strategies (SDG).
• Some sustainable development plan or guide aligned with SDGs.
• Research about the tourism industry.
• Another specific analysis applied to our case.
• All documents could find relevant information.

Presentation

Sustainability is no longer optional but essential for the sustainable tourism industry’s long-term viability. Travelers are increasingly demanding sustainable tourism practices, and many governments are introducing regulations to enforce them. Sustainable tourism can provide economic benefits, preserve natural resources and cultural heritage, and improve the quality of life for residents.

Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) need to assess their environmental, social, and economic impacts and take steps to reduce their negative impacts while increasing their positive contributions. This can involve implementing green technologies and practices, reducing waste and energy consumption, supporting local economies and communities, and preserving natural and cultural resources.

By prioritizing Sustainability, tourism enterprises can improve their reputation and traveler loyalty and contribute to a more sustainable and equitable world.

Sustainability adds value to the business when: it optimizes the usage of resources while minimizing losses, attracts travelers with a specific interest in sustainable products and services, increases the business life cycle, serves as a competitive and comparative differentiator, enriches the traveler’s experience with the knowledge that we are financing a responsible business, among many others.

As social pressure mounts and more travelers demand sustainable products and services, companies that take up the sustainability challenge will reap additional benefits.

In conclusion, by adopting sustainable practices and strategies, Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises can reduce their environmental impact, minimize resource use, and enhance their social responsibility. Moreover, by aligning their practices with sustainability principles, tourism enterprises can appeal to a growing segment of responsible travelers who prioritize sustainable tourism. By doing so, they can contribute to the destination’s sustainable development while creating economic opportunities for themselves and the local community. Ultimately, understanding and prioritizing Sustainability can help tourism enterprises build a resilient and competitive business model while creating positive social and environmental impacts.

GUIDING QUESTIONS

How can the destination promote sustainable and responsible tourism practices? Implementing eco-friendly initiatives, supporting local communities, and preserving cultural heritage is essential for long-term success in the tourism industry. YScala

A suggestion of guiding questions that are not intended to exhaust the topic:

Environmental questions.

• What positive impacts does our business have on the tourism destination?
• What are the negative impacts that our business causes on the tourism destination?
• What can our business be loading capacity (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-yearly…) within the limits of acceptable changes outlined?
• What is the origin of our water resource? What are the efficient management measures for this resource? What is the sanitary waste treatment system?
• What is the energy resource source used directly by the business? What are the efficient management measures for this resource?
• What are the limits of acceptable changes (LAC) in the environmental context that the host community could accept due to the impacts caused by our business?

Social and cultural questions.

• How can our business demonstrate the sociocultural authenticity of the host community?
• How will the service and product enhance the receiving community’s sense of place (SoP)?
• What is the impact on the cultural and architectural value of the destination?
• How is our business prepared to promote accessibility for people with special needs, such as the visually impaired, deaf, mute, and mobility impaired?
• How will our business contribute to intercultural understanding and tolerance in dealing with minorities (black people, LGBTQ+ community, women…)?
• How will our business contribute to the fight against child sexual exploitation, prostitution, and illicit drug use?

Economic questions.

• What are the economic impacts that our business should promote?
• Does our distribution network prioritize business and partnerships with other companies in the tourism destination or region as much as possible? Are our purchases of inputs, services, and supplies prioritized by other companies located in the destination or area as much as possible?
• What are the most effective methods of our business practice to improve employee relationships and provide them with stable, decent jobs? How will our business contribute to the fight against poor working conditions in tourism?
• What are our best practices in employee-employer relations?
• What is the most equitable distribution of jobs?
• What is the most significant disparity in pay between men and women? And how can we solve it? How will our business distribute jobs equally between men and women? First, generate equal income and equality in management positions.

Small and Medium-sized Tourism Enterprises (SMTEs) can build strong awareness about sustainable tourism by asking these questions and working through the answers to be aligned with sustainable goals.

Offering more information

Besides the 18 guiding questions we’ve provided to help us evaluate and improve our tourism sustainability, we’ve compiled a list of valuable resources to further our knowledge and understanding of sustainability management. Notably, these resources offer insights into best practices, sustainability, marketing, and more, catering to the needs of tourism professionals and stakeholders. Consequently, by exploring these links, you’ll be better equipped to make informed decisions and create a thriving, competitive, and sustainable destination for travelers from around the world.

1. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – This website provides information about the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 and could provide readers with a broader understanding of the global sustainability agenda.

2. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation – As a leading organization promoting the circular economy, The Ellen MacArthur Foundation offers a wealth of resources and insights on sustainable business models and practices.

3. Global Reporting Initiative – For readers interested in sustainability reporting, linking to the Global Reporting Initiative’s website could provide them with information and guidance on sustainability reporting standards and practices.

4. Climate Group – As an international non-profit organization that brings together governments, businesses, and other stakeholders to address climate change, linking to the Climate Group could provide readers with insights on climate-related initiatives and projects.

5. Greenpeace – Greenpeace is an international environmental organization that works to protect the planet and promote sustainable practices. Linking to their website could provide readers with information on various environmental campaigns and initiatives.

As you conclude reading this orientation post, we’d like to invite you to explore the other insightful articles in our Business Tailor 4 Sustainable Tourism Develop Management (BT4-STDM) Tool. Furthermore, we encourage you to engage with our community, share your perspectives, and contribute to this meaningful conversation by commenting below. In doing so, your experiences and ideas can help others in their sustainable tourism development management journey.

Table of Contents

Landing at a tourist destination.

Exposing Success for SMTEs: Balancing Competitiveness and Sustainable Tourism Practices

Tourism Destinations: 21 essential questions to unlock all potential.

Tourists: 12 Questions For Revealing the Travelers and their Needs

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Preserving tourism's positive impact requires addressing its challenges. By acting responsibly, we promote meaningful travel experiences while empowering local people, paving the way for a sustainable and thriving industry.

We invite you to engage with our community, share your perspectives, and contribute to this meaningful conversation by commenting below. Your experiences and ideas can help others in their sustainable tourism development management journey.

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What Is Sustainable Tourism and Why Is It Important?

Sustainable management and socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental impacts are the four pillars of sustainable tourism

• Chapman University

• Harvard University Extension School
• Sustainable Fashion
• Art & Media

What Makes Tourism Sustainable?

The role of tourists, types of sustainable tourism.

Sustainable tourism considers its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts by addressing the needs of its ecological surroundings and the local communities. This is achieved by protecting natural environments and wildlife when developing and managing tourism activities, providing only authentic experiences for tourists that don’t appropriate or misrepresent local heritage and culture, or creating direct socioeconomic benefits for local communities through training and employment.

As people begin to pay more attention to sustainability and the direct and indirect effects of their actions, travel destinations and organizations are following suit. For example, the New Zealand Tourism Sustainability Commitment is aiming to see every New Zealand tourism business committed to sustainability by 2025, while the island country of Palau has required visitors to sign an eco pledge upon entry since 2017.

Tourism industries are considered successfully sustainable when they can meet the needs of travelers while having a low impact on natural resources and generating long-term employment for locals. By creating positive experiences for local people, travelers, and the industry itself, properly managed sustainable tourism can meet the needs of the present without compromising the future.

What Is Sustainability?

At its core, sustainability focuses on balance — maintaining our environmental, social, and economic benefits without using up the resources that future generations will need to thrive. In the past, sustainability ideals tended to lean towards business, though more modern definitions of sustainability highlight finding ways to avoid depleting natural resources in order to keep an ecological balance and maintain the quality of environmental and human societies.

Since tourism impacts and is impacted by a wide range of different activities and industries, all sectors and stakeholders (tourists, governments, host communities, tourism businesses) need to collaborate on sustainable tourism in order for it to be successful.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) , which is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of sustainable tourism, and the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) , the global standard for sustainable travel and tourism, have similar opinions on what makes tourism sustainable. By their account, sustainable tourism should make the best use of environmental resources while helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity, respect the socio-culture of local host communities, and contribute to intercultural understanding. Economically, it should also ensure viable long-term operations that will provide benefits to all stakeholders, whether that includes stable employment to locals, social services, or contributions to poverty alleviation.

The GSTC has developed a series of criteria to create a common language about sustainable travel and tourism. These criteria are used to distinguish sustainable destinations and organizations, but can also help create sustainable policies for businesses and government agencies. Arranged in four pillars, the global baseline standards include sustainable management, socioeconomic impact, cultural impacts, and environmental impacts.

Travel Tip:

The GSTC is an excellent resource for travelers who want to find sustainably managed destinations and accommodations and learn how to become a more sustainable traveler in general.

Environment 

Protecting natural environments is the bedrock of sustainable tourism. Data released by the World Tourism Organization estimates that tourism-based CO2 emissions are forecast to increase 25% by 2030. In 2016, tourism transport-related emissions contributed to 5% of all man-made emissions, while transport-related emissions from long-haul international travel were expected to grow 45% by 2030.

The environmental ramifications of tourism don’t end with carbon emissions, either. Unsustainably managed tourism can create waste problems, lead to land loss or soil erosion, increase natural habitat loss, and put pressure on endangered species . More often than not, the resources in these places are already scarce, and sadly, the negative effects can contribute to the destruction of the very environment on which the industry depends.

Industries and destinations that want to be sustainable must do their part to conserve resources, reduce pollution, and conserve biodiversity and important ecosystems. In order to achieve this, proper resource management and management of waste and emissions is important. In Bali, for example, tourism consumes 65% of local water resources, while in Zanzibar, tourists use 15 times as much water per night as local residents.

Another factor to environmentally focused sustainable tourism comes in the form of purchasing: Does the tour operator, hotel, or restaurant favor locally sourced suppliers and products? How do they manage their food waste and dispose of goods? Something as simple as offering paper straws instead of plastic ones can make a huge dent in an organization’s harmful pollutant footprint.

Recently, there has been an uptick in companies that promote carbon offsetting . The idea behind carbon offsetting is to compensate for generated greenhouse gas emissions by canceling out emissions somewhere else. Much like the idea that reducing or reusing should be considered first before recycling , carbon offsetting shouldn’t be the primary goal. Sustainable tourism industries always work towards reducing emissions first and offset what they can’t.

Properly managed sustainable tourism also has the power to provide alternatives to need-based professions and behaviors like poaching . Often, and especially in underdeveloped countries, residents turn to environmentally harmful practices due to poverty and other social issues. At Periyar Tiger Reserve in India, for example, an unregulated increase in tourists made it more difficult to control poaching in the area. In response, an eco development program aimed at providing employment for locals turned 85 former poachers into reserve gamekeepers. Under supervision of the reserve’s management staff, the group of gamekeepers have developed a series of tourism packages and are now protecting land instead of exploiting it. They’ve found that jobs in responsible wildlife tourism are more rewarding and lucrative than illegal work.

Flying nonstop and spending more time in a single destination can help save CO2, since planes use more fuel the more times they take off.

Local Culture and Residents

One of the most important and overlooked aspects of sustainable tourism is contributing to protecting, preserving, and enhancing local sites and traditions. These include areas of historical, archaeological, or cultural significance, but also "intangible heritage," such as ceremonial dance or traditional art techniques.

In cases where a site is being used as a tourist attraction, it is important that the tourism doesn’t impede access to local residents. For example, some tourist organizations create local programs that offer residents the chance to visit tourism sites with cultural value in their own countries. A program called “Children in the Wilderness” run by Wilderness Safaris educates children in rural Africa about the importance of wildlife conservation and valuable leadership development tools. Vacations booked through travel site Responsible Travel contribute to the company’s “Trip for a Trip” program, which organizes day trips for disadvantaged youth who live near popular tourist destinations but have never had the opportunity to visit.

Sustainable tourism bodies work alongside communities to incorporate various local cultural expressions as part of a traveler’s experiences and ensure that they are appropriately represented. They collaborate with locals and seek their input on culturally appropriate interpretation of sites, and train guides to give visitors a valuable (and correct) impression of the site. The key is to inspire travelers to want to protect the area because they understand its significance.

Bhutan, a small landlocked country in South Asia, has enforced a system of all-inclusive tax for international visitors since 1997 ($200 per day in the off season and $250 per day in the high season). This way, the government is able to restrict the tourism market to local entrepreneurs exclusively and restrict tourism to specific regions, ensuring that the country’s most precious natural resources won’t be exploited.

Incorporating volunteer work into your vacation is an amazing way to learn more about the local culture and help contribute to your host community at the same time. You can also book a trip that is focused primarily on volunteer work through a locally run charity or non profit (just be sure that the job isn’t taking employment opportunities away from residents).

It's not difficult to make a business case for sustainable tourism, especially if one looks at a destination as a product. Think of protecting a destination, cultural landmark, or ecosystem as an investment. By keeping the environment healthy and the locals happy, sustainable tourism will maximize the efficiency of business resources. This is especially true in places where locals are more likely to voice their concerns if they feel like the industry is treating visitors better than residents.

Not only does reducing reliance on natural resources help save money in the long run, studies have shown that modern travelers are likely to participate in environmentally friendly tourism. In 2019, Booking.com found that 73% of travelers preferred an eco-sustainable hotel over a traditional one and 72% of travelers believed that people need to make sustainable travel choices for the sake of future generations.

Always be mindful of where your souvenirs are coming from and whether or not the money is going directly towards the local economy. For example, opt for handcrafted souvenirs made by local artisans.

Growth in the travel and tourism sectors alone has outpaced the overall global economy growth for nine years in a row. Prior to the pandemic, travel and tourism accounted for an $9.6 trillion contribution to the global GDP and 333 million jobs (or one in four new jobs around the world).

Sustainable travel dollars help support employees, who in turn pay taxes that contribute to their local economy. If those employees are not paid a fair wage or aren’t treated fairly, the traveler is unknowingly supporting damaging or unsustainable practices that do nothing to contribute to the future of the community. Similarly, if a hotel doesn’t take into account its ecological footprint, it may be building infrastructure on animal nesting grounds or contributing to excessive pollution. The same goes for attractions, since sustainably managed spots (like nature preserves) often put profits towards conservation and research.

Costa Rica was able to turn a severe deforestation crisis in the 1980s into a diversified tourism-based economy by designating 25.56% of land protected as either a national park, wildlife refuge, or reserve.

While traveling, think of how you would want your home country or home town to be treated by visitors.

Are You a Sustainable Traveler?

Sustainable travelers understand that their actions create an ecological and social footprint on the places they visit. Be mindful of the destinations , accommodations, and activities you choose, and choose destinations that are closer to home or extend your length of stay to save resources. Consider switching to more environmentally friendly modes of transportation such as bicycles, trains, or walking while on vacation. Look into supporting locally run tour operations or local family-owned businesses rather than large international chains. Don’t engage in activities that harm wildlife, such as elephant riding or tiger petting , and opt instead for a wildlife sanctuary (or better yet, attend a beach clean up or plan an hour or two of some volunteer work that interests you). Leave natural areas as you found them by taking out what you carry in, not littering, and respecting the local residents and their traditions.

Most of us travel to experience the world. New cultures, new traditions, new sights and smells and tastes are what makes traveling so rewarding. It is our responsibility as travelers to ensure that these destinations are protected not only for the sake of the communities who rely upon them, but for a future generation of travelers.

Sustainable tourism has many different layers, most of which oppose the more traditional forms of mass tourism that are more likely to lead to environmental damage, loss of culture, pollution, negative economic impacts, and overtourism.

Ecotourism highlights responsible travel to natural areas that focus on environmental conservation. A sustainable tourism body supports and contributes to biodiversity conservation by managing its own property responsibly and respecting or enhancing nearby natural protected areas (or areas of high biological value). Most of the time, this looks like a financial compensation to conservation management, but it can also include making sure that tours, attractions, and infrastructure don’t disturb natural ecosystems.

On the same page, wildlife interactions with free roaming wildlife should be non-invasive and managed responsibly to avoid negative impacts to the animals. As a traveler, prioritize visits to accredited rescue and rehabilitation centers that focus on treating, rehoming, or releasing animals back into the wild, such as the Jaguar Rescue Center in Costa Rica.

Soft Tourism

Soft tourism may highlight local experiences, local languages, or encourage longer time spent in individual areas. This is opposed to hard tourism featuring short duration of visits, travel without respecting culture, taking lots of selfies , and generally feeling a sense of superiority as a tourist.

Many World Heritage Sites, for example, pay special attention to protection, preservation, and sustainability by promoting soft tourism. Peru’s famed Machu Picchu was previously known as one of the world’s worst victims of overtourism , or a place of interest that has experienced negative effects (such as traffic or litter) from excessive numbers of tourists. The attraction has taken steps to control damages in recent years, requiring hikers to hire local guides on the Inca Trail, specifying dates and time on visitor tickets to negate overcrowding, and banning all single use plastics from the site.

Traveling during a destination’s shoulder season , the period between the peak and low seasons, typically combines good weather and low prices without the large crowds. This allows better opportunities to immerse yourself in a new place without contributing to overtourism, but also provides the local economy with income during a normally slow season.

Rural Tourism

Rural tourism applies to tourism that takes place in non-urbanized areas such as national parks, forests, nature reserves, and mountain areas. This can mean anything from camping and glamping to hiking and WOOFing. Rural tourism is a great way to practice sustainable tourism, since it usually requires less use of natural resources.

Community Tourism

Community-based tourism involves tourism where local residents invite travelers to visit their own communities. It sometimes includes overnight stays and often takes place in rural or underdeveloped countries. This type of tourism fosters connection and enables tourists to gain an in-depth knowledge of local habitats, wildlife, and traditional cultures — all while providing direct economic benefits to the host communities. Ecuador is a world leader in community tourism, offering unique accommodation options like the Sani Lodge run by the local Kichwa indigenous community, which offers responsible cultural experiences in the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest.

" Transport-related CO 2  Emissions of the Tourism Sector – Modelling Results ." World Tourism Organization and International Transport Forum , 2019, doi:10.18111/9789284416660

" 45 Arrivals Every Second ." The World Counts.

Becken, Susanne. " Water Equity- Contrasting Tourism Water Use With That of the Local Community ." Water Resources and Industry , vol. 7-8, 2014, pp. 9-22, doi:10.1016/j.wri.2014.09.002

Kutty, Govindan M., and T.K. Raghavan Nair. " Periyar Tiger Reserve: Poachers Turned Gamekeepers ." Food and Agriculture Organization.

" GSTC Destination Criteria ." Global Sustainable Tourism Council.

Rinzin, Chhewang, et al. " Ecotourism as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development: the Case of Bhutan ." Environmental Sciences , vol. 4, no. 2, 2007, pp. 109-125, doi:10.1080/15693430701365420

" Booking.com Reveals Key Findings From Its 2019 Sustainable Travel Report ." Booking.com.

" Economic Impact Reports ." World Travel and Tourism Council .

• Regenerative Travel: What It Is and How It's Outperforming Sustainable Tourism
• How to Be a Sustainable Traveler: 18 Tips
• What Is Ecotourism? Definition, Examples, and Pros and Cons
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• 'The Last Tourist' Film Will Make You Approach Travel Differently
• Best of Green Awards 2021: Sustainable Travel
• Costa Rica’s Keys to Success as a Sustainable Tourism Pioneer
• What Is Community-Based Tourism? Definition and Popular Destinations
• What Is Overtourism and Why Is It Such a Big Problem?
• What Is Experiential Tourism?
• What Is Voluntourism? Does It Help or Harm Communities?
• Food Sovereignty: Definition, Principles, and Importance
• Best of Green Awards 2021: Eco Tech
• 10 Ways to Be an Eco-Conscious Tourist
• Travel + Leisure's Global Vision Awards Are a Win for the Planet
• Spain Starts a School for Shepherdesses

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Sustainable Tourism

10th - 11th grade.

7 questions

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The main principles of sustainable tourism are.....

Environmental

Residential

'Economic' is term used when talking about...

Environmental factors include

Protecting the environment, natural heritage and wildlife

Having little impact on the surrounding

Make the best of use of natural resources

Polluting the atmosphere

Social or cultural factors for tourism include...

Improve the local quality of life

Protect living cultural heritage and traditions

Help people get together and get on with each other - a common goal

Economic factors of tourism

Make money for the local people

Create jobs for local people

Help improve the lives of local people

Improve the development infrastructure of a region

How can Hotels help the environment

Key cards so lights/electricity aren't always on

Guests re-use towels, rather than clean each day.

Separate waste for recycling

All of the above

Visiting and swimming in underwater caves, but not wearing suncream supports

The economy

The environment

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As environmental responsibility increasingly pervades lifestyle habits – from fashion to farmers markets – and a new generation of travelers seeks personalized experiences over all-inclusive resorts, ecotourism is quickly outgrowing its niche market–status to become a major constituent of the USD 7.6 trillion tourism industry. From architecture and design using sustainably sourced materials to teaching locals English, there are innumerable ways to align the elements of good travel with sustainable development.

At the 2018 Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit , we spoke with Robyn Nixon, Manager of Sustainability for the world’s largest adventure travel company Intrepid Travel , on how she’s seen ecotourism better the lives of communities, ecosystems and travelers in tandem – and how this was achieved.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

How can responsible tourism help communities?

I think the most important thing for tourism is that it enables communities to think of a different way of providing income, and it provides a secondary income. This enables communities to invest in infrastructure that they might not otherwise have had. Often, it could be solar energy, so bringing power into communities, or improving water supply, sanitation, infrastructure such as roads. And often you find when communities become involved in tourism, the local municipal government helps them with those investments in infrastructure.

It also helps communities – particularly the women in communities – to have a voice. Very often, it’s the women who are supporting the homestays or accommodation for the travelers. And through interaction with our travelers, it enables women to really feel empowered. So we see a real transition that occurs in communities through tourism as women become more active.

The other thing that happens with tourism and communities is there are a lot of secondary benefits. For example, the women in Myanmar in a community tourism project we have there: Initially we, as a business, helped the women to understand about food preparation and hygiene needs. And we don’t, as travelers, like to have MSG in our food. So the women started to also take up some of those practices in the way that they prepared their food with hygiene and taking MSG out in their homes as well. That started to have a health benefit for them. And so it’s really interesting that you see these secondary benefits.

Similarly, in a lot of the community-based tourism projects we have, whilst not everyone in the community can be employed directly in supporting tourism, we create a community fund, and the whole community is able to decide how to use that fund. Again in this project in Myanmar, three of the communities decided to save the money over a two-year period, and it meant that they eventually had enough funds to match what was required by the government to bring electricity into their villages. So the three villages now have electricity. And the good thing about that is that now our travelers have hot water as well, whereas previously they just had a mandi  (bucket) style shower, and water would be boiled.

Similarly, it might be that it enables them to bring in investment into things like biogas, for example, which also helps conserve the environment, because it takes away either the use of kerosene or wood fires .

What are some of the biggest challenges – and opportunities – for ecotourism?

Building the accommodation or the infrastructure can be fast. But actually building the capacity of the community to become an enterprise can take a long time. Building community-based tourism can take up to two or three years before a community is actually self-sufficient and running their own business.

How does ecotourism fit into the 2018 Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit theme, “Protecting people and forests, supporting economic growth?”

Community tourism isn’t a new thing. Companies like ourselves have been staying in communities for a really long time. In Africa, there are some amazing companies such as Wilderness Safaris , which has built lodges, and the community has been employed in those lodges. In some cases, over time the community has taken up full ownership of those lodges. There are all sorts of different models of community-based tourism.

I think the challenge now is how do we take a sustainable model and implement that in more places in the world. Because I think both the government and authorities, particularly in areas where you’ve got amazing natural resources, recognize that it’s a great way of conserving the environment by providing an income for local communities that goes hand-in-hand with protecting that environment. But actually implementing it and building infrastructure in different parts of the world where we need to do this is not a fast job.

It really requires a lot of partnership. Often it requires the partnership of an NGO that’s been working in a community for a while, because it’s really important that the community is well consulted and involved in the project from the beginning. It often requires funding from outside, and it often requires expertise in tourism, from consultants and businesses like ourselves. And more than anything else, it has to be interesting enough for tourists to want to go there. So getting all those things in harmony to really create a well-run, viable and sustainable over the long-term ecotourism project takes a lot of partnership work, and so it takes a lot of planning.

I think there’s huge opportunity through ecotourism to also educate travelers and the world about the importance of preserving the world’s great heritage and national parks and forests. But we need to be careful about how we go about. It’s not necessarily the kind of thing that you can do where you have large numbers of people coming into communities. Because potentially that can be very damaging to local culture as well. It’s a delicate balance.

3rd ASIA-PACIFIC RAINFOREST SUMMIT

23-25 april 2018 - yogyakarta, indonesia, view summary.

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CIFOR-ICRAF harnesses the power of trees, forests and agroforestry landscapes to address the most pressing global challenges of our time – biodiversity loss, climate change, food security, livelihoods and inequity. CGIAR Research Center , and leads the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) . Our headquarters are in Bogor, Indonesia, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya, Yaounde, Cameroon, and Lima, Peru. -->

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Unesco social media, 2030 agenda for sustainable development.

On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at a historic UN Summit — officially came into force. They are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

Building on the success of the Millennium Development Goals, the SDGs include new areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice, among other priorities. The goals are interconnected – the key to success on one often involves tackling issues more commonly associated with another.

Read more about the Sustainable Development Goals .

Sustainable Tourism – promoting environmental public health Week 1

Sustainable Tourism Coursera Week 1 Quiz Answers

Course link: https://www.coursera.org/learn/sustainable-tourism

Sustainable Tourism Coursera Week 1 Quiz Answers – Global trends in tourism

Question 1 Since the 1950’s international tourist arrivals have increased from 25 million globally, to 527 million in 1995, and 1.2 billion in 2016. How many billion of international tourist arrivals (annually) are expected by 2030?

• 1.6 billion
• 1.8 billion
• 1.9 billion
• 2.1 billion

Question 2 According to figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) it is estimated that airline passengers during transport generated 5.2m tons of waste in 2016. The figure is expected to…

• … be the same by 2030
• … double by 2030
• … triple by 2030

These are Sustainable Tourism Coursera Week 1 Quiz Answers

3. Question 3 As presented in the report Tourism Highlights 2017, The World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), estimates that the tourist arrivals between 2010 and 2030, with regard to both emerging destinations and advanced economies, respectively, will what:

• The, arrivals in emerging destinations (-0.4% a year) are expected to decrease annually at twice the rate of those in advanced economies (-0.2% a year).
• The, arrivals in emerging destinations (+4.8% a year) are expected to increase annually at the same rate of those in advanced economies (+4.8% a year).
• The, arrivals in emerging destinations (+4.4% a year) are expected to increase annually at twice the rate of those in advanced economies (+2.2% a year).

Which of the charts below shows according to UNWTO the correct distribution between means of transportation by tourists in 2018?

• air (25%), road (49%), rail (2%), water (14%)
• air (35%), road (39%), rail (2%), water (4%)
• air (58%), road (37%), rail (2%), water (4%)

5. Question 5 The World Bank provides open data on International tourism arrivals. Please explore the data. How many international arrivals do you find respectively for Indonesia and Caribbean Small States for the years 2000 and 2015?

• Year 2000: Indonesia: 5.064.000, Caribbean Small States 4.991.000 – Year 2015: Indonesia: 6.422.700, Caribbean Small States 10.407.000
• Year 2000: Indonesia: 9.064.000, Caribbean Small States 4.991.000 – Year 2015: Indonesia: 10.407.000, Caribbean Small States 6.422.700
• Year 2000: Indonesia: 5.064.000, Caribbean Small States 11.115.377 – Year 2015: Indonesia: 10.407.000, Caribbean Small States 17.200.000

Sustainable Tourism Coursera Week 1 Quiz Answers – Tourism and the global sustainability agenda

According to Professor Stefan Gössling, the World Tourist Organisation and many governments in developing countries focus upon growth in the tourist sector. This supports the paradigm that tourism is a growth sector supporting e.g. job creation for a low skilled workforce . However, Prof. Gössling calls for a different discussion about tourism – What question would Gössling like to discuss?

• What does the money actually do to strengthen the local government?
• What does the money actually do within the local tourism sector?
• What does the money actually do within the destinations?

The UNWTO report, Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, Journey to 2030 – Highlights, mentions some of tourism’s challenges and threats, including irresponsible consumption and production and poor management of resources and waste. The achievement of which SDG’s are the most impacted by these Challenges and threats (multiple correct answers).

• SDG 7 ‘Affordable and Clean Energy’
• SDG 4 ‘Quality Education’
• SDG 11 ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’
• SDG 14 ‘Life below Water’
• SDG 3 ‘Good Health and Well-being’
• SDG 12 ‘Responsible Consumption and Production’

Sustainable Tourism Coursera Week 1 Quiz Answers – The impacts of tourism on local communities

1. Question 1 Which statement describes correctly the employment situation for Zanzibaris in the tourism sector on Zanzibar?

• Zanzibaris hold 52% of managerial positions in restaurants and 46% in hotels compared with 43% of unskilled jobs in hotels and 47% in restaurants, respectively.
• Zanzibaris hold 11% of managerial positions in restaurants and 46% in hotels compared with 83% and 70% of unskilled jobs in hotels and restaurants, respectively.
• Zanzibaris hold 52% of managerial positions in restaurants and 46% in hotels compared with 83% of unskilled jobs in hotels and 70% in restaurants, respectively.

2. Question 2 Even though the tourist industry has a capacity for economic growth for local communities, it is not always the case. A study from Zanzibar published in 2015 found that…

• 60% of the GDP generated by tourism accrued to local communities; 5% went to the government in the form of taxes and 12% to Zanzibaris from outside the local communities. Non-Zanzibaris, from mainland Tanzania and other countries, obtain 23% of tourism GDP.
• 40% of the GDP generated by tourism accrued to local communities; 15% went to the government in the form of taxes and 12% to Zanzibaris from outside the local communities. Non-Zanzibaris, from mainland Tanzania and other countries, obtain 33% of tourism GDP.
• 20% of the GDP generated by tourism accrued to local communities; 15% went to the government in the form of taxes and 12% to Zanzibaris from outside the local communities. Non-Zanzibaris, from mainland Tanzania and other countries, obtain 53% of tourism GDP.

3. Question 3 As one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world, tourism is increasingly recognized as a vital contributor to job and wealth creation, environmental protection, cultural preservation and poverty alleviation. However, this is far from always happening because…

• … the failure of the state to fulfil its responsibilities to translate the opportunities presented by tourism into social and economic development or ‘public goods’.
• …the failure of the local tourist organisation to fulfil its responsibilities to translate the opportunities presented by tourism into social and economic development or ‘public goods’.
• …the failure of the educational system to fulfil its responsibilities to translate the opportunities presented by tourism into social and economic development or ‘public goods’.

4. Question 4 Associate Professor Stig Jensen highlight that the growing number of tourists from Africa traveling to other destinations in Africa, may contribute more economically per person to the local communities than the tourists from North e.g. Europe. Why? (select 4 answers).

• They spend money shopping in big malls
• They hire local guides
• They mostly choose small hotels
• They choose restaurants with local food
• They buy food from locals

Sustainable Tourism Coursera Week 1 Quiz Answers – International hotel certifications Quiz

1. Question 1 Tourist sustainability certification can (Source: Dodds & Joppe, 2005)” be described as:

• “The process of assuring industry and consumers that the assessed company has met a set of minimum standards. The purpose of certification has been to achieve mandatory standards which meet or exceed baseline standards or legislation”
• “The process of assuring industry and consumers that the assessed company has met a set of minimum standards. The purpose of certification has been to achieve voluntary standards which meet or exceed baseline standards or legislation”

2. Question 2 The sustainability certification schemes can be divided into three main types. Below you see short statements on each type as described by Professor Flemming Konradsen. One of the statements has been manipulated and is no longer correct. Which one?

• The first level certification involves a destination or business that has develop its own sustainable management system. It could be developed to fit its own needs and political or sector specific priorities. The quality of the scheme is not verified by any external organisations.
• The third level certification is much like the second certification; however, a major difference lies in the control. As soon as a destination or business has implemented a set of criteria developed by an independent organisation, a third part verifier, an auditor, will confirm that the destination or business conforms to the developed criteria.
• The second level certification is where a local or international organisation develops a set of criteria for a business or destination for them to meet. It could be based on local needs and priorities and may even follow international standards. The organisation responsible for the content of the criteria will not check nor approve the destination or business.

3. Question 3 In the interview, Niels Riis Jensen mentions GSTC. GSTC or the Global Sustainable Tourism Council is an independent, neutral non-profit organization which establishes and manages global sustainable standards, GSTC Criteria. These criteria are “the guiding principles and minimum requirements that any tourism business or destination should aspire to reach in order to protect and sustain the world’s natural and cultural resources, while ensuring tourism meets its potential as a tool for conservation and poverty alleviation.”. GSTC has two sets of criteria. Which? (multiple correct answers).

• Destination Criteria
• Industry Criteria
• Hotel Criteria
• Transportation Criteria
• Tour operator Criteria

4. Question 4 Niels Riis Jensen recognizes that it is costly and in other ways demanding to achieve an internationally approved third level certification. To facilitate the procedure, he suggests small hotels to…

• … pool knowledge among more hotels and work together
• … develop their own sustainable management system
• … choose a second level certification as an alternative

5. Question 5 The survey Environmental Sustainability in the Hospitality Industry: Best Practices, Guest Participation, and Customer Satisfaction, gives a strong indication “that travelers who do not participate in hotels’ green programs would be willing to do so if they were given incentives. Although many guests’ green behavior is motivated by their personal beliefs, the survey found that others would respond to rewards, including frequent guest points or food vouchers.”. How big a percentage of guests who are not currently participating in hotels’ green programs would according to the survey take action if rewards were offered?

• Less than 50%
• Between 50% and 80%
• More than 80%

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HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY article

This article is part of the research topic.

"Affiliative nomads" in the age of mobilities

Affiliative nomads in Japan: Potential sustainable tourism stakeholders in depopulated rural areas Provisionally Accepted

• 1 Hannan University, Japan

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

In Japan, the overall population is declining. Depopulation is severe, resulting in various negative consequences, particularly in rural areas. Rural communities could benefit by collaborating with people from other places, mainly urban areas. Typical examples of visitors or tourists from urban areas in these cases are referred to as "kankei jinko." The more fundamental issue, however, is that many rural residents have lost confidence in their ability to live in areas with declining and aging populations. It is important to note the potential for highly mobile people from urban areas to increase the civic pride of rural residents. This raises questions about who these nomadic people, or "affiliative nomads," are and how they interact with residents. To answer these questions, we analyzed cases of affiliative nomads in previous studies. The nomadic people showed respect for the rural areas to the residents; as a result, they were perceived by the residents as being in a stage of growth. When the nomads and residents interact, they create common values such as nature conservation and economic and community revitalization. Thus, the nomads cultivate civic pride among the residents and could be regarded as affiliative nomads. Furthermore, some coordinators bridge residents and nomads to expand their relationships with other people. Affiliative nomads may be sustainable tourism stakeholders and contribute to solving the problems of depopulated areas in Japan and other developed or emerging countries.

Keywords: Nomads, Affiliative, Shared Values, indebtedness, Coordinators, Revitalization, Depopulation, social inclusion

Received: 30 Oct 2023; Accepted: 29 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Horiuchi and Morishige. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Mx. Shiro Horiuchi, Hannan University, Matsubara, Japan

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